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        AUTHOR = "Amrouch, M. and Elyassa, M. and Rachidi, A. and Mammass, D.",
        TITLE = "Off-Line Arabic Handwritten Characters Recognition Based on a Hidden
Markov Models",
        BOOKTITLE = ICISP08,
        YEAR = "2008",
        PAGES = "447-454",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1032.html#TT371297"}

@inproceedings{bb377201,
        AUTHOR = "Srihari, S.N. and Ball, G.R. and Srinivasan, H.",
        TITLE = "Versatile Search of Scanned Arabic Handwriting",
        BOOKTITLE = SACH06,
        YEAR = "2006",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1032.html#TT371298"}

@inproceedings{bb377202,
        AUTHOR = "Abdul Kader, A.",
        TITLE = "A Two-Tier Arabic Offline Handwriting Recognition Based on Conditional
Joining Rules",
        BOOKTITLE = SACH06,
        YEAR = "2006",
        PAGES = "xx-yy",
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@inproceedings{bb377203,
        AUTHOR = "Lopresti, D.P. and Nagy, G. and Seth, S.C. and Zhang, X.L.",
        TITLE = "Multi-character Field Recognition for Arabic and Chinese Handwriting",
        BOOKTITLE = SACH06,
        YEAR = "2006",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1032.html#TT371300"}

@inproceedings{bb377204,
        AUTHOR = "Ben Amor, N. and Ben Amara, N.E.",
        TITLE = "An Approach for Multifont Arabic Characters Features Extraction Based
on Contourlet Transform",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR07,
        YEAR = "2007",
        PAGES = "1048-1052",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1032.html#TT371301"}

@inproceedings{bb377205,
        AUTHOR = "Boussellaa, W. and Zahour, A. and Taconet, B. and Alimi, A.M. and Benabdelhafid, A.",
        TITLE = "PRAAD: Preprocessing and Analysis Tool for Arabic Ancient Documents",
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        YEAR = "2007",
        PAGES = "1058-1062",
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@inproceedings{bb377206,
        AUTHOR = "Khelifi, B. and Zaghden, N. and Alimi, M.A. and Mullot, R.",
        TITLE = "Unsupervised categorization of heterogeneous text images based on
fractals",
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@inproceedings{bb377207,
        AUTHOR = "Benjelil, M. and Mullot, R. and Alimi, A.M.",
        TITLE = "Language and Script Identification Based on Steerable Pyramid Features",
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@inproceedings{bb377208,
        AUTHOR = "Benjelil, M. and Kanoun, S. and Mullot, R. and Alimi, A.M.",
        TITLE = "Arabic and Latin Script Identification in Printed and Handwritten Types
Based on Steerable Pyramid Features",
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        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "591-595",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1032.html#TT371305"}

@inproceedings{bb377209,
        AUTHOR = "Jlaiel, M.B. and Kanoun, S. and Alimi, A.M. and Mullot, R.",
        TITLE = "Three decision levels strategy for Arabic and Latin texts
differentiation in printed and handwritten natures",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR07,
        YEAR = "2007",
        PAGES = "1103-1107",
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@inproceedings{bb377210,
        AUTHOR = "Kanoun, S. and Ennaji, A. and Lecourtier, Y. and Alimi, A.M.",
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@inproceedings{bb377211,
        AUTHOR = "Kanoun, S. and Ennaji, A. and Lecourtier, Y. and Alimi, A.M.",
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@inproceedings{bb377212,
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        TITLE = "Arabic Handwriting Texture Analysis for Writer Identification Using the
DWT-Lifting Scheme",
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@inproceedings{bb377213,
        AUTHOR = "Zahour, A. and Likforman Sulem, L. and Boussellaa, W. and Taconet, B.",
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        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR07,
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@inproceedings{bb377214,
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Arabic Handwriting",
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@inproceedings{bb377215,
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@inproceedings{bb377216,
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@inproceedings{bb377218,
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@inproceedings{bb377219,
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@inproceedings{bb377221,
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hidden Markov modeling",
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model approach",
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@inproceedings{bb377233,
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document images",
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        AUTHOR = "Benouareth, A. and Ennaji, A. and Sellami, M.",
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Arabic word modeling and recognition",
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        AUTHOR = "Benouareth, A. and Ennaji, A. and Sellami, M.",
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@article{bb377248,
        AUTHOR = "Mohamad, R.A.H. and Likforman Sulem, L. and Mokbel, C.",
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Handwriting Recognition",
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@inproceedings{bb377249,
        AUTHOR = "Likforman Sulem, L. and Mokbel, C. and Likforman Sulem, L.",
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Handwritten Words",
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@article{bb377250,
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@inproceedings{bb377251,
        AUTHOR = "Assabie, Y. and Bigun, J.",
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Concatenation",
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@inproceedings{bb377252,
        AUTHOR = "Assabie, Y. and Bigun, J.",
        TITLE = "Lexicon-based offline recognition of Amharic words in unconstrained
handwritten text",
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        YEAR = "2008",
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@article{bb377253,
        AUTHOR = "Slimane, F. and Kanoun, S. and Hennebert, J. and Alimi, A.M. and Ingold, R.",
        TITLE = "A study on font-family and font-size recognition applied to Arabic word
images at ultra-low resolution",
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        YEAR = "2013",
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        MONTH = "January",
        PAGES = "209-218",
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@article{bb377254,
        AUTHOR = "Azeem, S.A. and Ahmed, H.",
        TITLE = "Effective technique for the recognition of offline Arabic handwritten
words using hidden Markov models",
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@inproceedings{bb377255,
        AUTHOR = "Azeem, S.A. and Ahmed, H.",
        TITLE = "Effective Technique for the Recognition of Writer Independent Off-Line
Handwritten Arabic Words",
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@article{bb377256,
        AUTHOR = "Gimenez, A. and Khoury, I. and Andres Ferrer, J. and Juan, A.",
        TITLE = "Handwriting word recognition using windowed Bernoulli HMMs",
        JOURNAL = PRL,
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        YEAR = "2014",
        NUMBER = "1",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371353"}

@inproceedings{bb377257,
        AUTHOR = "Doetsch, P. and Hamdani, M. and Ney, H. and Gimenez, A. and Andres Ferrer, J. and Juan, A.",
        TITLE = "Comparison of Bernoulli and Gaussian HMMs Using a Vertical
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        YEAR = "2012",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371354"}

@article{bb377258,
        AUTHOR = "Gimenez, A. and Andres Ferrer, J. and Juan, A.",
        TITLE = "Discriminative Bernoulli HMMs for isolated handwritten word
recognition",
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        YEAR = "2014",
        NUMBER = "1",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371355"}

@inproceedings{bb377259,
        AUTHOR = "Gimenez, A. and Juan, A.",
        TITLE = "Bernoulli HMMs at Subword Level for Handwritten Word Recognition",
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@article{bb377260,
        AUTHOR = "Khoury, I. and Gimenez, A. and Juan, A. and Andres Ferrer, J.",
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        JOURNAL = PRL,
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        NUMBER = "1",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371357"}

@inproceedings{bb377261,
        AUTHOR = "Khoury, I. and Gimenez, A. and Juan, A.",
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@inproceedings{bb377262,
        AUTHOR = "Gimenez, A. and Khoury, I. and Juan, A.",
        TITLE = "Windowed Bernoulli Mixture HMMs for Arabic Handwritten Word Recognition",
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@inproceedings{bb377263,
        AUTHOR = "Gimenez, A. and Juan, A.",
        TITLE = "Embedded Bernoulli Mixture HMMs for Handwritten Word Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "896-900",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371360"}

@inproceedings{bb377264,
        AUTHOR = "Gimenez, A. and Juan, A.",
        TITLE = "Embedded Bernoulli Mixture HMMs for Continuous Handwritten Text
Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = CAIP09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "197-204",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371361"}

@article{bb377265,
        AUTHOR = "Khayyat, M. and Lam, L. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "Learning-based word spotting system for Arabic handwritten documents",
        JOURNAL = PR,
        VOLUME = "47",
        YEAR = "2014",
        NUMBER = "3",
        PAGES = "1021-1030",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371362"}

@inproceedings{bb377266,
        AUTHOR = "Khayyat, M. and Lam, L. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "Verification of Hierarchical Classifier Results for Handwritten
Arabic Word Spotting",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR13,
        YEAR = "2013",
        PAGES = "572-576",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371363"}

@inproceedings{bb377267,
        AUTHOR = "Khayyat, M. and Lam, L. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "Arabic Handwritten Word Spotting Using Language Models",
        BOOKTITLE = FHR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "43-48",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371364"}

@inproceedings{bb377268,
        AUTHOR = "Nobile, N. and He, C.L. and Sagheer, M.W. and Lam, L. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "Digit/Symbol Pruning and Verification for Arabic Handwritten
Digit/Symbol Spotting",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "648-652",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371365"}

@article{bb377269,
        AUTHOR = "Abandah, G.A. and Jamour, F.T. and Qaralleh, E.A.",
        TITLE = "Recognizing handwritten Arabic words using grapheme segmentation and
recurrent neural networks",
        JOURNAL = IJDAR,
        VOLUME = "17",
        YEAR = "2014",
        NUMBER = "3",
        MONTH = "September",
        PAGES = "275-291",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371366"}

@article{bb377270,
        AUTHOR = "Kacem Echi, A. and Khemiri, A. and Belaid, A.",
        TITLE = "A PGM-based System for Arabic Handwritten Word Recognition",
        JOURNAL = ELCVIA,
        VOLUME = "13",
        YEAR = "2014",
        NUMBER = "3",
        PAGES = "xx-yy",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371367"}

@inproceedings{bb377271,
        AUTHOR = "Khemiri, A. and Kacem Echi, A. and Belaid, A. and Elloumi, M.",
        TITLE = "Arabic handwritten words off-line recognition based on HMMs and DBNs",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR15,
        YEAR = "2015",
        PAGES = "51-55",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371368"}

@inproceedings{bb377272,
        AUTHOR = "Belaid, A. and Choisy, C.",
        TITLE = "Human Reading Based Strategies for Off-Line Arabic Word Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = SACH06,
        YEAR = "2006",
        PAGES = "xx-yy",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371369"}

@inproceedings{bb377273,
        AUTHOR = "Saon, G. and Belaid, A.",
        TITLE = "Off-line handwritten word recognition using a mixed HMM-MRF approach",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR97,
        YEAR = "1997",
        PAGES = "118-122",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371370"}

@article{bb377274,
        AUTHOR = "Sari, T. and Kefali, A. and Bahi, H.",
        TITLE = "Structural feature-based evaluation method of binarization techniques
for word retrieval in the degraded Arabic document images",
        JOURNAL = IJDAR,
        VOLUME = "19",
        YEAR = "2016",
        NUMBER = "1",
        MONTH = "March",
        PAGES = "31-47",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371371"}

@article{bb377275,
        AUTHOR = "Kefali, A. and Sari, T.",
        TITLE = "Tool for automatic tuning of binarisation techniques",
        JOURNAL = IET-IPR,
        VOLUME = "12",
        YEAR = "2018",
        NUMBER = "12",
        MONTH = "December",
        PAGES = "2192-2203",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371372"}

@article{bb377276,
        AUTHOR = "Tamen, Z. and Drias, H. and Boughaci, D.",
        TITLE = "An efficient multiple classifier system for Arabic handwritten words
recognition",
        JOURNAL = PRL,
        VOLUME = "93",
        YEAR = "2017",
        NUMBER = "1",
        PAGES = "123-132",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371373"}

@inproceedings{bb377277,
        AUTHOR = "Dounia, R. and Yasssine, K. and Noureddine, E.N.",
        TITLE = "Exploring text representation impact on K-means based arabic text
documents clustering",
        BOOKTITLE = ISCV22,
        YEAR = "2022",
        PAGES = "1-5",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371374"}

@inproceedings{bb377278,
        AUTHOR = "El Kah, A. and Zeroual, I.",
        TITLE = "Is Arabic text categorization a solved task?",
        BOOKTITLE = ISCV22,
        YEAR = "2022",
        PAGES = "1-6",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371375"}

@article{bb377279,
        AUTHOR = "Ghilas, H. and Gagaoua, M. and Tari, A. and Cheriet, M.",
        TITLE = "Spatial Distribution of Ink at Keypoints (SDIK):
A Novel Feature for Word Spotting in Arabic Documents",
        JOURNAL = IJIG,
        VOLUME = "22",
        YEAR = "2022",
        NUMBER = "4",
        MONTH = "July",
        PAGES = "2250035",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371376"}

@article{bb377280,
        AUTHOR = "Gaddour, H. and Kanoun, S. and Vincent, N.",
        TITLE = "A New Method for Arabic Text Detection in Natural Scene Images",
        JOURNAL = IJIG,
        VOLUME = "23",
        YEAR = "2023",
        NUMBER = "1 2023",
        PAGES = "2350010",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371377"}

@inproceedings{bb377281,
        AUTHOR = "Elmansouri, M. and Makhfi, N.E. and Aghoutane, B.",
        TITLE = "Toward Classification of Arabic Manuscripts Words Based on the Deep
Convolutional Neural Networks",
        BOOKTITLE = ISCV20,
        YEAR = "2020",
        PAGES = "1-5",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371378"}

@inproceedings{bb377282,
        AUTHOR = "Belay, B. and Habtegebrial, T. and Liwicki, M. and Belay, G. and Stricker, D.",
        TITLE = "Factored Convolutional Neural Network for Amharic Character Image
Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP19,
        YEAR = "2019",
        PAGES = "2906-2910",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371379"}

@inproceedings{bb377283,
        AUTHOR = "Rouhou, A.C. and Kessentini, Y. and Kanoun, S.",
        TITLE = "Hybrid HMM/DNN System for Arabic Handwriting Keyword Spotting",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIAR19,
        YEAR = "2019",
        PAGES = "I:216-227",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371380"}

@inproceedings{bb377284,
        AUTHOR = "Rouhou, A.C. and Kessentini, Y. and Kanoun, S.",
        TITLE = "HMM Based Keyword Spotting System in Printed/Handwritten Arabic/Latin
Documents with Identification Stage",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIAR19,
        YEAR = "2019",
        PAGES = "I:309-320",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371381"}

@inproceedings{bb377285,
        AUTHOR = "Dinges, L. and Al Hamadi, A. and Elzobi, M. and Nurnberger, A.",
        TITLE = "Automatic recognition of common Arabic handwritten words based on OCR
and N-GRAMS",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP17,
        YEAR = "2017",
        PAGES = "3625-3629",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371382"}

@article{bb377286,
        AUTHOR = "Al Nuzaili, Q.A. and Hashim, S.Z.M. and Saeed, F. and Khalil, M.S. and Mohamad, D.B.",
        TITLE = "Pixel distribution-based features for offline Arabic handwritten word
recognition",
        JOURNAL = IJCVR,
        VOLUME = "7",
        YEAR = "2017",
        NUMBER = "1/2",
        PAGES = "99-122",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371383"}

@inproceedings{bb377287,
        AUTHOR = "El Moubtahij, H. and Halli, A. and Satori, K.",
        TITLE = "Recognition of Off-Line Arabic Handwriting Words Using HMM Toolkit
(HTK)",
        BOOKTITLE = CGiV16,
        YEAR = "2016",
        PAGES = "167-171",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371384"}

@inproceedings{bb377288,
        AUTHOR = "Lamtougui, H. and El Moubtahij, H. and Fouadi, H. and Yahyaouy, A. and Satori, K.",
        TITLE = "Offline Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Deep Learning:
Comparative Study",
        BOOKTITLE = ISCV20,
        YEAR = "2020",
        PAGES = "1-8",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371385"}

@inproceedings{bb377289,
        AUTHOR = "Maalej, R. and Tagougui, N. and Kherallah, M.",
        TITLE = "Recognition of Handwritten Arabic Words with Dropout Applied in MDLSTM",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIAR16,
        YEAR = "2016",
        PAGES = "746-752",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371386"}

@inproceedings{bb377290,
        AUTHOR = "Gaddour, H. and Kanoun, S. and Vincent, N.",
        TITLE = "A New Method for Arabic Text Detection in Natural Scene Image Based on
the Color Homogeneity",
        BOOKTITLE = ICISP16,
        YEAR = "2016",
        PAGES = "127-136",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371387"}

@inproceedings{bb377291,
        AUTHOR = "Ben Cheikh, I. and Allagui, I.",
        TITLE = "Planar Markovian approach for the recognition of a wide vocabulary of
Arabic decomposable words",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR15,
        YEAR = "2015",
        PAGES = "1031-1035",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371388"}

@inproceedings{bb377292,
        AUTHOR = "BenZeghiba, M.F. and Louradour, J. and Kermorvant, C.",
        TITLE = "Hybrid word/Part-of-Arabic-Word Language Models for arabic text
document recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR15,
        YEAR = "2015",
        PAGES = "671-675",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371389"}

@inproceedings{bb377293,
        AUTHOR = "Zirari, F. and Ennaji, A. and Mammass, D. and Nicolas, S.",
        TITLE = "Spot Words in Printed Historical Arabic Documents",
        BOOKTITLE = ICISP14,
        YEAR = "2014",
        PAGES = "289-296",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371390"}

@inproceedings{bb377294,
        AUTHOR = "Saabni, R.",
        TITLE = "Efficient Word Image Retrieval Using Earth Movers Distance Embedded
to Wavelets Coefficients Domain",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR13,
        YEAR = "2013",
        PAGES = "314-318",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371391"}

@inproceedings{bb377295,
        AUTHOR = "Krayem, A. and Sherkat, N. and Evett, L. and Osman, T.",
        TITLE = "Holistic Arabic Whole Word Recognition Using HMM and Block-Based DCT",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR13,
        YEAR = "2013",
        PAGES = "1120-1124",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371392"}

@inproceedings{bb377296,
        AUTHOR = "Ben Cheikh, I. and Ziadi, F.",
        TITLE = "HMM Based Model for Arabic Word Conjugation Recognition and Word
Reconstitution from Morphological Concepts",
        BOOKTITLE = IbPRIA13,
        YEAR = "2013",
        PAGES = "450-459",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371393"}

@inproceedings{bb377297,
        AUTHOR = "Jiang, Z.W. and Ding, X.Q. and Peng, L.R. and Liu, C.S.",
        TITLE = "Analyzing the information entropy of states to optimize the number of
states in an HMM-based off-line handwritten Arabic word recognizer",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "697-700",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371394"}

@inproceedings{bb377298,
        AUTHOR = "Kchaou, M.G. and Kanoun, S. and Ogier, J.M.",
        TITLE = "Segmentation and Word Spotting Methods for Printed and Handwritten
Arabic Texts: A Comparative Study",
        BOOKTITLE = FHR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "274-279",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371395"}

@inproceedings{bb377299,
        AUTHOR = "Nemouchi, S. and Meslati, L.S. and Farah, N.",
        TITLE = "Classifiers Combination for Arabic Words Recognition:
Application to Handwritten Algerian City Names",
        BOOKTITLE = ICISP12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "562-570",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char1033aw1.html#TT371396"}

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