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        AUTHOR = "Yamazoe, T. and Etoh, M. and Yoshimura, T. and Tsujino, K.",
        TITLE = "Hypothesis Preservation Approach to Scene Text Recognition with
Weighted Finite-State Transducer",
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        PAGES = "359-363",
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@inproceedings{bb318301,
        AUTHOR = "Tsai, S.S. and Chen, H.Z. and Chen, D. and Schroth, G. and Grzeszczuk, R. and Girod, B.",
        TITLE = "Mobile visual search on printed documents using text and low bit-rate
features",
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@inproceedings{bb318302,
        AUTHOR = "Du, J. and Huo, Q.A. and Sun, L. and Sun, J.",
        TITLE = "Snap and Translate Using Windows Phone",
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        PAGES = "809-813",
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@inproceedings{bb318303,
        AUTHOR = "Pan, P. and Zhu, Y.P. and Sun, J. and Naoi, S.",
        TITLE = "Recognizing Characters with Severe Perspective Distortion Using Hash
Tables and Perspective Invariants",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
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@inproceedings{bb318304,
        AUTHOR = "Sun, J. and Huang, K. and Hotta, Y. and Fujimoto, K. and Naoi, S.",
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@inproceedings{bb318305,
        AUTHOR = "Iwamura, M. and Kobayashi, T. and Matsuda, T. and Kise, K.",
        TITLE = "Recognition of Layout-Free Characters on Complex Background",
        BOOKTITLE = ACPR13,
        YEAR = "2013",
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@inproceedings{bb318306,
        AUTHOR = "Iwamura, M. and Kobayashi, T. and Kise, K.",
        TITLE = "Recognition of Multiple Characters in a Scene Image Using Arrangement
of Local Features",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
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        PAGES = "1409-1413",
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@inproceedings{bb318307,
        AUTHOR = "Shahab, A. and Shafait, F. and Dengel, A.R.",
        TITLE = "Bayesian Approach to Photo Time-Stamp Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "1039-1043",
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@inproceedings{bb318308,
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@inproceedings{bb318309,
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        TITLE = "ICDAR 2013 Robust Reading Competition",
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@inproceedings{bb318310,
        AUTHOR = "Shahab, A. and Shafait, F. and Dengel, A.R.",
        TITLE = "ICDAR 2011 Robust Reading Competition Challenge 2:
Reading Text in Scene Images",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "1491-1496",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966s1.html#TT312715"}

@inproceedings{bb318311,
        AUTHOR = "Fragoso, V. and Gauglitz, S. and Zamora, S. and Kleban, J. and Turk, M.A.",
        TITLE = "TranslatAR: A mobile augmented reality translator",
        BOOKTITLE = WACV11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "497-502",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966s1.html#TT312716"}

@inproceedings{bb318312,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, H.W. and Liu, C.S. and Yang, C. and Ding, X.Q. and Wang, K.Q.",
        TITLE = "An Improved Scene Text Extraction Method Using Conditional Random Field
and Optical Character Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "708-712",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966s1.html#TT312717"}

@inproceedings{bb318313,
        AUTHOR = "Choi, S.H. and Yun, J.P. and Sim, S.B. and Kim, S.W.",
        TITLE = "Edge-based text localization and character segmentation algorithms for
automatic slab information recognition",
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@inproceedings{bb318314,
        AUTHOR = "Lettner, M. and Sablatnig, R.",
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Foreground-Background Separation",
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        YEAR = "2010",
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@inproceedings{bb318315,
        AUTHOR = "Lettner, M. and Sablatnig, R.",
        TITLE = "Spatial and Spectral Based Segmentation of Text in Multispectral Images
of Ancient Documents",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR09,
        YEAR = "2009",
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@inproceedings{bb318316,
        AUTHOR = "Lettner, M. and Sablatnig, R.",
        TITLE = "Texture and Profile Features for Drawing Media Recognition in
Underdrawings",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR06,
        YEAR = "2006",
        PAGES = "II: 308-311",
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@inproceedings{bb318317,
        AUTHOR = "Fernando, B. and Fromont, E. and Muselet, D. and Sebban, M.",
        TITLE = "Accurate visual word construction using a supervised approach",
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@inproceedings{bb318318,
        AUTHOR = "Zheng, Q. and Chen, K. and Zhou, Y. and Gu, C.C. and Guan, H.B.",
        TITLE = "Text Localization and Recognition in Complex Scenes Using Local
Features",
        BOOKTITLE = ACCV10,
        YEAR = "2010",
        PAGES = "III: 121-132",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966s1.html#TT312723"}

@inproceedings{bb318319,
        AUTHOR = "Wang, K. and Babenko, B. and Belongie, S.J.",
        TITLE = "End-to-end scene text recognition",
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@inproceedings{bb318320,
        AUTHOR = "Wang, K. and Belongie, S.J.",
        TITLE = "Word Spotting in the Wild",
        BOOKTITLE = ECCV10,
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        PAGES = "I: 591-604",
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@inproceedings{bb318321,
        AUTHOR = "Lin, C.Y. and Hsueh, C.L.",
        TITLE = "Recognition technique for character cube stacking robot",
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@inproceedings{bb318322,
        AUTHOR = "Einsele, F. and Ingold, R. and Hennebert, J.",
        TITLE = "A HMM-Based Approach to Recognize Ultra Low Resolution Anti-Aliased
Words",
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@inproceedings{bb318323,
        AUTHOR = "Beaufort, R. and Mancas Thillou, C.",
        TITLE = "A Weighted Finite-State Framework for Correcting Errors in Natural
Scene OCR",
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@inproceedings{bb318324,
        AUTHOR = "Ichimura, N.",
        TITLE = "Recognizing Multiple Billboard Advertisements in Videos",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966s1.html#TT312729"}

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        AUTHOR = "Chen, X.R. and Yuille, A.L.",
        TITLE = "Detecting and reading text in natural scenes",
        BOOKTITLE = CVPR04,
        YEAR = "2004",
        PAGES = "II: 366-373",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966s1.html#TT312730"}

@inproceedings{bb318326,
        AUTHOR = "Iso, T. and Kurakake, S. and Sugimura, T.",
        TITLE = "Visual-tag reader: image capture by cell phone camera",
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        TITLE = "Extraction of place-name from natural scenes",
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        AUTHOR = "Wang, X.W. and Ding, X.Q. and Liu, C.S.",
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@inproceedings{bb318329,
        AUTHOR = "Baumann, S. and Ben Hadj Ali, M. and Dengel, A.R. and Jaeger, T. and Malburg, M. and Weigel, A. and Wenzel, C.",
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@inproceedings{bb318331,
        AUTHOR = "Wu, V. and Manmatha, R.",
        TITLE = "Text Image Clean-Up and Thresholding: A Comparative Study",
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@article{bb318332,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, X.L. and Yang, J. and Zhang, J. and Waibel, A.",
        TITLE = "Automatic Detection and Recognition of Signs From Natural Scenes",
        JOURNAL = IP,
        VOLUME = "13",
        YEAR = "2004",
        NUMBER = "1",
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        PAGES = "87-99",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312738"}

@inproceedings{bb318333,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, X.L. and Yang, J. and Zhang, J. and Waibel, A.",
        TITLE = "Automatic detection of signs with affine transformation",
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        YEAR = "2002",
        PAGES = "32-36",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312739"}

@inproceedings{bb318334,
        AUTHOR = "Wu, W. and Chen, X.L. and Yang, J.",
        TITLE = "Incremental Detection of Text on Road Signs",
        BOOKTITLE = CMU-CS-TR,
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312740"}

@inproceedings{bb318335,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, X.L. and Yang, J. and Waibel, A.",
        TITLE = "Calibration of a hybrid camera network",
        BOOKTITLE = ICCV03,
        YEAR = "2003",
        PAGES = "150-155",
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@inproceedings{bb318336,
        AUTHOR = "Gao, J. and Yang, J. and Zhang, Y. and Waibel, A.",
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        BOOKTITLE = CMU-CS-TR,
        YEAR = "2001",
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@inproceedings{bb318337,
        AUTHOR = "Gao, J. and Yang, J.",
        TITLE = "An Adaptive Algorithm for Text Detection from Natural Scenes",
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        YEAR = "2001",
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@inproceedings{bb318338,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, J. and Chen, X.L. and Hannernan, A. and Yang, J. and Waibel, A.",
        TITLE = "A robust approach for recognition of text embedded in natural scenes",
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        YEAR = "2002",
        PAGES = "III: 204-207",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312744"}

@inproceedings{bb318339,
        AUTHOR = "Zeng, C. and Jia, W.J. and He, X.J.",
        TITLE = "An Algorithm for Colour-Based Natural Scene Text Segmentation",
        BOOKTITLE = CBDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "58-68",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312745"}

@inproceedings{bb318340,
        AUTHOR = "Zeng, C. and Jia, W.J. and He, X.J. and Yang, J.",
        TITLE = "Graph-Based Text Segmentation Using a Selected Channel Image",
        BOOKTITLE = DICTA10,
        YEAR = "2010",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312746"}

@article{bb318341,
        AUTHOR = "Park, J.H. and Lee, G.S. and Kim, E. and Lim, J. and Kim, S. and Yang, H.J. and Lee, M. and Hwang, S.",
        TITLE = "Automatic detection and recognition of Korean text in outdoor signboard
images",
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        VOLUME = "31",
        YEAR = "2010",
        NUMBER = "12",
        MONTH = "September",
        PAGES = "1728-1739",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312747"}

@article{bb318342,
        AUTHOR = "Bouman, K.L. and Abdollahian, G. and Boutin, M. and Delp, E.J.",
        TITLE = "A Low Complexity Sign Detection and Text Localization Method for Mobile
Applications",
        JOURNAL = MultMed,
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        YEAR = "2011",
        NUMBER = "5",
        PAGES = "922-934",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312748"}

@article{bb318343,
        AUTHOR = "Tsai, T.H. and Cheng, W.H. and You, C.W. and Hu, M.C. and Tsui, A.W. and Chi, H.Y.",
        TITLE = "Learning and Recognition of On-Premise Signs From Weakly Labeled
Street View Images",
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        NUMBER = "3",
        MONTH = "March",
        PAGES = "1047-1059",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312749"}

@article{bb318344,
        AUTHOR = "Gonzalez, A. and Bergasa, L.M. and Yebes, J.J.",
        TITLE = "Text Detection and Recognition on Traffic Panels From Street-Level
Imagery Using Visual Appearance",
        JOURNAL = ITS,
        VOLUME = "15",
        YEAR = "2014",
        NUMBER = "1",
        MONTH = "February",
        PAGES = "228-238",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312750"}

@article{bb318345,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, J. and Kasturi, R.",
        TITLE = "A Novel Text Detection System Based on Character and Link Energies",
        JOURNAL = IP,
        VOLUME = "23",
        YEAR = "2014",
        NUMBER = "9",
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        PAGES = "4187-4198",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312751"}

@inproceedings{bb318346,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, J. and Kasturi, R.",
        TITLE = "Sign Detection Based Text Localization in Mobile Device Captured Scene
Images",
        BOOKTITLE = CBDAR13,
        YEAR = "2013",
        PAGES = "71-82",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312752"}

@inproceedings{bb318347,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, J. and Kasturi, R.",
        TITLE = "Text Detection Using Edge Gradient and Graph Spectrum",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR10,
        YEAR = "2010",
        PAGES = "3979-3982",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312753"}

@inproceedings{bb318348,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, J. and Kasturi, R.",
        TITLE = "Character Energy and Link Energy-Based Text Extraction in Scene Images",
        BOOKTITLE = ACCV10,
        YEAR = "2010",
        PAGES = "II: 308-320",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312754"}

@article{bb318349,
        AUTHOR = "Zhang, X. and Ma, G.C. and Jiang, L. and Zhang, X.H. and Liu, Y. and Wang, Y.X. and Zhao, C.H.",
        TITLE = "Analysis of Spatial Characteristics of Digital Signage in Beijing
with Multi-Source Data",
        JOURNAL = IJGI,
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        YEAR = "2019",
        NUMBER = "5",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312755"}

@article{bb318350,
        AUTHOR = "Wang, Y.X. and Li, S. and Zhang, X. and Jiang, D. and Hao, M.M. and Zhou, R.",
        TITLE = "Site Selection of Digital Signage in Beijing: A Combination of
Machine Learning and an Empirical Approach",
        JOURNAL = IJGI,
        VOLUME = "9",
        YEAR = "2020",
        NUMBER = "4",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312756"}

@article{bb318351,
        AUTHOR = "Dai, J.G. and Gu, Y.",
        TITLE = "OSO-YOLOv5: Automatic Extraction Method of Store Signboards in Street
View Images Based on Multi-Dimensional Analysis",
        JOURNAL = IJGI,
        VOLUME = "11",
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        NUMBER = "9",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966sign2.html#TT312757"}

@article{bb318352,
        AUTHOR = "Toaha, M.S.I. and Asad, S.B. and Rahman, C.R. and Haque, S.M.S. and Proma, M.A. and Shuvo, M.A.H. and Ahmed, T. and Basher, M.A.",
        TITLE = "Automatic signboard detection and localization in densely populated
developing cities",
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@inproceedings{bb318353,
        AUTHOR = "Ho, J.T. and Hsu, G.S. and Yanushkevich, S. and Gavrilova, M.L.",
        TITLE = "Outline Generation Transformer for Bilingual Scene Text Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = MVA23,
        YEAR = "2023",
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@inproceedings{bb318354,
        AUTHOR = "Jiang, T. and Camgoz, N.C. and Bowden, R.",
        TITLE = "Looking for the Signs: Identifying Isolated Sign Instances in
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        BOOKTITLE = FG21,
        YEAR = "2021",
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@inproceedings{bb318355,
        AUTHOR = "Almuhajri, M. and Suen, C.Y.",
        TITLE = "A Complete Framework for Shop Signboards Detection and Classification",
        BOOKTITLE = "ICPR22",
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@inproceedings{bb318356,
        AUTHOR = "Smith, R. and Gu, C.H. and Lee, D.S. and Hu, H. and Unnikrishnan, R. and Ibarz, J. and Arnoud, S. and Lin, S.",
        TITLE = "End-to-End Interpretation of the French Street Name Signs Dataset",
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@inproceedings{bb318357,
        AUTHOR = "Stiehl, D. and Addams, L. and Oliveira, L.S. and Guimaraes, C. and Britto, A.S.",
        TITLE = "Towards a SignWriting recognition system",
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@inproceedings{bb318358,
        AUTHOR = "Diez, H.V. and Barbadillo, J. and Garcia, S. and del Puy Carretero, M. and Alvarez, A. and Sanchez, J.R. and Oyarzun, D.",
        TITLE = "Interactive Multimodal Platform for Digital Signage",
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        YEAR = "2014",
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@inproceedings{bb318359,
        AUTHOR = "Oosterman, J. and Green, R.",
        TITLE = "Geolocation on the iPhone by automatic street sign reading",
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        YEAR = "2010",
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@inproceedings{bb318360,
        AUTHOR = "Cambra, A.B. and Murillo, A.C.",
        TITLE = "Towards robust and efficient text sign reading from a mobile phone",
        BOOKTITLE = IWMV11,
        YEAR = "2011",
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@inproceedings{bb318373,
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@inproceedings{bb318374,
        AUTHOR = "Jung, K.C. and Kim, K.I. and Han, J.H.",
        TITLE = "Text extraction in real scene images on planar planes",
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@article{bb318375,
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        AUTHOR = "Crandall, D. and Antani, S. and Kasturi, R.",
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@inproceedings{bb318378,
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        AUTHOR = "Chen, D.T. and Odobez, J.M. and Bourlard, H.",
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@inproceedings{bb318387,
        AUTHOR = "Li, J. and Tian, Y.H. and Huang, T.J. and Gao, W.",
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@inproceedings{bb318388,
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@article{bb318389,
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        AUTHOR = "Chen, D.T. and Odobez, J.M.",
        TITLE = "Sequential Monte Carlo video text segmentation",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP03,
        YEAR = "2003",
        PAGES = "III: 21-24",
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@inproceedings{bb318392,
        AUTHOR = "Odobez, J.M. and Chen, D.T.",
        TITLE = "Robust video text segmentation and recognition with multiple hypotheses",
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@inproceedings{bb318393,
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@article{bb318394,
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frames based on contrast independent features and machine learning
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@article{bb318395,
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@inproceedings{bb318396,
        AUTHOR = "Hua, X.S. and Liu, W.Y. and Zhang, H.J.",
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@article{bb318398,
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@article{bb318399,
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        JOURNAL = PR,
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