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        AUTHOR = "Crandall, D. and Kasturi, R.",
        TITLE = "Robust detection of stylized text events in digital video",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR01,
        YEAR = "2001",
        PAGES = "865-869",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357001"}

@inproceedings{bb362803,
        AUTHOR = "Mariano, V.Y. and Kasturi, R.",
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        BOOKTITLE = ICPR00,
        YEAR = "2000",
        PAGES = "Vol IV: 539-542",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357002"}

@inproceedings{bb362804,
        AUTHOR = "Gandhi, T. and Kasturi, R. and Antani, S.",
        TITLE = "Application of Planar Motion Segmentation for Scene Text Extraction",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR00,
        YEAR = "2000",
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@inproceedings{bb362805,
        AUTHOR = "Wernicke, A. and Lienhart, R.",
        TITLE = "On the Segmentation of Text in Videos",
        BOOKTITLE = ICME00,
        YEAR = "2000",
        PAGES = "WP5",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357004"}

@inproceedings{bb362806,
        AUTHOR = "Kasturi, R. and Gargi, U. and Antani, S.",
        TITLE = "Indexing Text Events in Digital Video Databases",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR98,
        YEAR = "1998",
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        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357005"}

@article{bb362807,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, D.T. and Odobez, J.M. and Bourlard, H.",
        TITLE = "Text detection and recognition in images and video frames",
        JOURNAL = PR,
        VOLUME = "37",
        YEAR = "2004",
        NUMBER = "3",
        MONTH = "March",
        PAGES = "595-608",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357006"}

@inproceedings{bb362808,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, D.T. and Odobez, J.M. and Bourlard, H.",
        TITLE = "Text segmentation and recognition in complex background based on markov
random field",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR02,
        YEAR = "2002",
        PAGES = "IV: 227-230",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357007"}

@article{bb362809,
        AUTHOR = "Ye, Q.X. and Huang, Q.M. and Gao, W. and Zhao, D.B.",
        TITLE = "Fast and robust text detection in images and video frames",
        JOURNAL = IVC,
        VOLUME = "23",
        YEAR = "2005",
        NUMBER = "6",
        MONTH = "June",
        PAGES = "565-576",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357008"}

@inproceedings{bb362810,
        AUTHOR = "Li, X.J. and Wang, W.Q. and Jiang, S.Q. and Huang, Q.M. and Gao, W.",
        TITLE = "Fast and effective text detection",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP08,
        YEAR = "2008",
        PAGES = "969-972",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357009"}

@inproceedings{bb362811,
        AUTHOR = "Li, J. and Tian, Y.H. and Huang, T.J. and Gao, W.",
        TITLE = "Multi-polarity text segmentation using graph theory",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP08,
        YEAR = "2008",
        PAGES = "3008-3011",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357010"}

@inproceedings{bb362812,
        AUTHOR = "Ye, Q.X. and Gao, W. and Huang, Q.M.",
        TITLE = "Automatic text segmentation from complex background",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP04,
        YEAR = "2004",
        PAGES = "V: 2905-2908",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357011"}

@article{bb362813,
        AUTHOR = "Wu, W. and Chen, X.L. and Yang, J.",
        TITLE = "Detection of text on road signs from video",
        JOURNAL = ITS,
        VOLUME = "6",
        YEAR = "2005",
        NUMBER = "4",
        MONTH = "December",
        PAGES = "378-390",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357012"}

@article{bb362814,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, D.T. and Odobez, J.M.",
        TITLE = "Video text recognition using sequential Monte Carlo and error voting
methods",
        JOURNAL = PRL,
        VOLUME = "26",
        YEAR = "2005",
        NUMBER = "9",
        MONTH = "July",
        PAGES = "1386-1403",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357013"}

@inproceedings{bb362815,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, D.T. and Odobez, J.M.",
        TITLE = "Sequential Monte Carlo video text segmentation",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP03,
        YEAR = "2003",
        PAGES = "III: 21-24",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357014"}

@inproceedings{bb362816,
        AUTHOR = "Odobez, J.M. and Chen, D.T.",
        TITLE = "Robust video text segmentation and recognition with multiple hypotheses",
        BOOKTITLE = ICIP02,
        YEAR = "2002",
        PAGES = "II: 433-436",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357015"}

@inproceedings{bb362817,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, D.T. and Bourlard, H. and Thiran, J.P.",
        TITLE = "Text Identification in Complex Background Using SVM",
        BOOKTITLE = CVPR01,
        YEAR = "2001",
        PAGES = "II:621-626",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357016"}

@article{bb362818,
        AUTHOR = "Chen, D.T. and Odobez, J.M. and Thiran, J.P.",
        TITLE = "A localization/verification scheme for finding text in images and video
frames based on contrast independent features and machine learning
methods",
        JOURNAL = SP:IC,
        VOLUME = "19",
        YEAR = "2004",
        NUMBER = "3",
        MONTH = "March",
        PAGES = "205-217",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357017"}

@article{bb362819,
        AUTHOR = "Hua, X.S. and Liu, W.Y. and Zhang, H.J.",
        TITLE = "An Automatic Performance Evaluation Protocol for Video Text Detection
Algorithms",
        JOURNAL = CirSysVideo,
        VOLUME = "14",
        YEAR = "2004",
        NUMBER = "4",
        MONTH = "April",
        PAGES = "498-507",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357018"}

@inproceedings{bb362820,
        AUTHOR = "Hua, X.S. and Liu, W.Y. and Zhang, H.J.",
        TITLE = "Automatic performance evaluation for video text detection",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR01,
        YEAR = "2001",
        PAGES = "545-550",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357019"}

@article{bb362821,
        AUTHOR = "Qian, X.M. and Liu, G.Z. and Wang, H. and Su, R.",
        TITLE = "Text detection, localization, and tracking in compressed video",
        JOURNAL = SP:IC,
        VOLUME = "22",
        YEAR = "2007",
        NUMBER = "9",
        MONTH = "October",
        PAGES = "752-768",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357020"}

@article{bb362822,
        AUTHOR = "Kim, W. and Kim, C.",
        TITLE = "A New Approach for Overlay Text Detection and Extraction From Complex
Video Scene",
        JOURNAL = IP,
        VOLUME = "18",
        YEAR = "2009",
        NUMBER = "2",
        MONTH = "February",
        PAGES = "401-411",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357021"}

@article{bb362823,
        AUTHOR = "Goto, H.",
        TITLE = "Redefining the DCT-based feature for scene text detection:
Analysis and comparison of spatial frequency-based features",
        JOURNAL = IJDAR,
        VOLUME = "11",
        YEAR = "2008",
        NUMBER = "1",
        MONTH = "October",
        PAGES = "xx-yy",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357022"}

@inproceedings{bb362824,
        AUTHOR = "Tanaka, M. and Goto, H.",
        TITLE = "Autonomous Text Capturing Robot Using Improved DCT Feature and Text
Tracking",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR07,
        YEAR = "2007",
        PAGES = "1178-1182",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357023"}

@inproceedings{bb362825,
        AUTHOR = "Shiratori, H. and Goto, H. and Kobayashi, H.",
        TITLE = "An Efficient Text Capture Method for Moving Robots Using DCT Feature
and Text Tracking",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR06,
        YEAR = "2006",
        PAGES = "II: 1050-1053",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357024"}

@inproceedings{bb362826,
        AUTHOR = "Saoi, T. and Goto, H. and Kobayashi, H.",
        TITLE = "Text detection in color scene images based on unsupervised clustering
of multi-channel wavelet features",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR05,
        YEAR = "2005",
        PAGES = "II: 690-694",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357025"}

@article{bb362827,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Huang, W.H. and Phan, T.Q. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "Accurate video text detection through classification of low and high
contrast images",
        JOURNAL = PR,
        VOLUME = "43",
        YEAR = "2010",
        NUMBER = "6",
        MONTH = "June",
        PAGES = "2165-2185",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357026"}

@inproceedings{bb362828,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "Novel Edge Features for Text Frame Classification in Video",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR10,
        YEAR = "2010",
        PAGES = "3191-3194",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357027"}

@article{bb362829,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Dutta, A. and Phan, T.Q. and Tan, C.L. and Pal, U.",
        TITLE = "A novel mutual nearest neighbor based symmetry for text frame
classification in video",
        JOURNAL = PR,
        VOLUME = "44",
        YEAR = "2011",
        NUMBER = "8",
        MONTH = "August",
        PAGES = "1671-1683",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357028"}

@inproceedings{bb362830,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Hong, D.B. and Zhao, D. and Tan, C.L. and Pal, U.",
        TITLE = "A new Iterative-Midpoint-Method for video character gap filling",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR12,
        YEAR = "2012",
        PAGES = "673-676",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357029"}

@article{bb362831,
        AUTHOR = "Mittal, A. and Shivakumara, P. and Pal, U. and Lu, T. and Blumenstein, M.",
        TITLE = "A new method for detection and prediction of occluded text in natural
scene images",
        JOURNAL = SP:IC,
        VOLUME = "100",
        YEAR = "2022",
        PAGES = "116512",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357030"}

@inproceedings{bb362832,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Dutta, A. and Pal, U. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "A New Method for Handwritten Scene Text Detection in Video",
        BOOKTITLE = FHR10,
        YEAR = "2010",
        PAGES = "387-392",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357031"}

@inproceedings{bb362833,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Dutta, A. and Tan, C.L. and Pal, U.",
        TITLE = "A New Symmetry Based on Proximity of Wavelet-Moments for Text Frame
Classification in Video",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR10,
        YEAR = "2010",
        PAGES = "129-132",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357032"}

@article{bb362834,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Phan, T.Q. and Lu, S.J. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "Gradient Vector Flow and Grouping-Based Method for Arbitrarily
Oriented Scene Text Detection in Video Images",
        JOURNAL = CirSysVideo,
        VOLUME = "23",
        YEAR = "2013",
        NUMBER = "10",
        PAGES = "1729-1739",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357033"}

@article{bb362835,
        AUTHOR = "Moradi, M. and Mozaffari, S.",
        TITLE = "Hybrid approach for Farsi/Arabic text detection and
localisation in video frames",
        JOURNAL = IET-IPR,
        VOLUME = "7",
        YEAR = "2013",
        NUMBER = "2",
        PAGES = "-",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357034"}

@article{bb362836,
        AUTHOR = "Merino Gracia, C. and Mirmehdi, M.",
        TITLE = "Real-time text tracking in natural scenes",
        JOURNAL = IET-CV,
        VOLUME = "8",
        YEAR = "2014",
        NUMBER = "6",
        PAGES = "670-681",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357035"}

@article{bb362837,
        AUTHOR = "Liang, G. and Shivakumara, P. and Lu, T. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "Multi-Spectral Fusion Based Approach for Arbitrarily Oriented Scene
Text Detection in Video Images",
        JOURNAL = IP,
        VOLUME = "24",
        YEAR = "2015",
        NUMBER = "11",
        MONTH = "November",
        PAGES = "4488-4501",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357036"}

@article{bb362838,
        AUTHOR = "Wu, L. and Shivakumara, P. and Lu, T. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "A New Technique for Multi-Oriented Scene Text Line Detection and
Tracking in Video",
        JOURNAL = MultMed,
        VOLUME = "17",
        YEAR = "2015",
        NUMBER = "8",
        MONTH = "August",
        PAGES = "1137-1152",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357037"}

@inproceedings{bb362839,
        AUTHOR = "Phan, T.Q. and Shivakumara, P. and Su, B. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "A Gradient Vector Flow-Based Method for Video Character Segmentation",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "1024-1028",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357038"}

@inproceedings{bb362840,
        AUTHOR = "Phan, T.Q. and Shivakumara, P. and Ding, Z. and Lu, S.J. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "Video Script Identification Based on Text Lines",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "1240-1244",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357039"}

@article{bb362841,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Phan, T.Q. and Bhowmick, S. and Tan, C.L. and Pal, U.",
        TITLE = "A novel ring radius transform for video character reconstruction",
        JOURNAL = PR,
        VOLUME = "46",
        YEAR = "2013",
        NUMBER = "1",
        MONTH = "January",
        PAGES = "131-140",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357040"}

@article{bb362842,
        AUTHOR = "Wu, Y.R. and Shivakumara, P. and Wei, W. and Lu, T. and Pal, U.",
        TITLE = "A new ring radius transform-based thinning method for multi-oriented
video characters",
        JOURNAL = IJDAR,
        VOLUME = "18",
        YEAR = "2015",
        NUMBER = "2",
        MONTH = "June",
        PAGES = "137-151",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357041"}

@article{bb362843,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Phan, T.Q. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "New Fourier-Statistical Features in RGB Space for Video Text Detection",
        JOURNAL = CirSysVideo,
        VOLUME = "20",
        YEAR = "2010",
        NUMBER = "11",
        MONTH = "November",
        PAGES = "1520-1532",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357042"}

@inproceedings{bb362844,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Phan, T.Q. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "New Wavelet and Color Features for Text Detection in Video",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR10,
        YEAR = "2010",
        PAGES = "3996-3999",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357043"}

@inproceedings{bb362845,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Phan, T.Q. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "A Gradient Difference Based Technique for Video Text Detection",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "156-160",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357044"}

@inproceedings{bb362846,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Phan, T.Q. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "A Robust Wavelet Transform Based Technique for Video Text Detection",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "1285-1289",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357045"}

@inproceedings{bb362847,
        AUTHOR = "Phan, T.Q. and Shivakumara, P. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "A Laplacian Method for Video Text Detection",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR09,
        YEAR = "2009",
        PAGES = "66-70",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357046"}

@article{bb362848,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Phan, T.Q. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "A Laplacian Approach to Multi-Oriented Text Detection in Video",
        JOURNAL = PAMI,
        VOLUME = "33",
        YEAR = "2011",
        NUMBER = "2",
        MONTH = "February",
        PAGES = "412-419",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357047"}

@article{bb362849,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Sreedhar, R.P. and Phan, T.Q. and Lu, S.J. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "Multioriented Video Scene Text Detection Through Bayesian
Classification and Boundary Growing",
        JOURNAL = CirSysVideo,
        VOLUME = "22",
        YEAR = "2012",
        NUMBER = "8",
        MONTH = "August",
        PAGES = "1227-1235",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357048"}

@inproceedings{bb362850,
        AUTHOR = "Xu, J.M. and Shivakumara, P. and Lu, T. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "2D and 3D Video Scene Text Classification",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR14,
        YEAR = "2014",
        PAGES = "2932-2937",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357049"}

@inproceedings{bb362851,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Bhowmick, S. and Su, B. and Tan, C.L. and Pal, U.",
        TITLE = "A New Gradient Based Character Segmentation Method for Video Text
Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "126-130",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357050"}

@inproceedings{bb362852,
        AUTHOR = "Xu, J.M. and Shivakumara, P. and Lu, T. and Phan, T.Q. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "Graphics and Scene Text Classification in Video",
        BOOKTITLE = ICPR14,
        YEAR = "2014",
        PAGES = "4714-4719",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357051"}

@inproceedings{bb362853,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Phan, T.Q. and Lu, S.J. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "Video Character Recognition through Hierarchical Classification",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "131-135",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357052"}

@inproceedings{bb362854,
        AUTHOR = "Rajendran, D. and Shivakumara, P. and Su, B. and Lu, S.J. and Tan, C.L.",
        TITLE = "A New Fourier-Moments Based Video Word and Character Extraction Method
for Recognition",
        BOOKTITLE = ICDAR11,
        YEAR = "2011",
        PAGES = "1165-1169",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357053"}

@article{bb362855,
        AUTHOR = "Shivakumara, P. and Wu, L. and Lu, T. and Tan, C.L. and Blumenstein, M. and Anami, B.S.",
        TITLE = "Fractals Based Multi-Oriented Text Detection System for Recognition
in Mobile Video Images",
        JOURNAL = PR,
        VOLUME = "68",
        YEAR = "2017",
        NUMBER = "1",
        PAGES = "158-174",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357054"}

@article{bb362856,
        AUTHOR = "Raghunandan, K.S. and Shivakumara, P. and Roy, S. and Kumar, G.H. and Pal, U. and Lu, T.",
        TITLE = "Multi-Script-Oriented Text Detection and Recognition in
Video/Scene/Born Digital Images",
        JOURNAL = CirSysVideo,
        VOLUME = "29",
        YEAR = "2019",
        NUMBER = "4",
        MONTH = "April",
        PAGES = "1145-1162",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357055"}

@inproceedings{bb362857,
        AUTHOR = "Roy, S. and Roy, P.P. and Shivakumara, P. and Louloudis, G. and Tan, C.L. and Pal, U.",
        TITLE = "HMM-Based Multi Oriented Text Recognition in Natural Scene Image",
        BOOKTITLE = ACPR13,
        YEAR = "2013",
        PAGES = "288-292",
        BIBSOURCE = "http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/char966v1.html#TT357056"}

@article{bb362858,
        AUTHOR = "Xue, M.L. and Shivakumara, P. and Zhang, C. and Xiao, Y. and Lu, T. and Pal, U. and Lopresti, D. and Yang, Z.B.",
        TITLE = "Arbitrarily-Oriented Text Detection in Low Light Natural Scene Images",
        JOURNAL = MultMed,
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