23.4.4.2 Chinese Characters, Using Stroke and Radical Analysis

Kobaysahi, K., Yoda, F., Yamamoto, K., Nambu, H.,
Recognition of Handprinted Kanji Characters by the Stroke Matching Method,
PRL(1), 1983, pp. 481-488. BibRef 8300

Zhang, X., Xia, Y.,
The Automatic Recognition of Handprinted Chinese Characters: A Method of Extracting an Ordered Sequence of Strokes,
PRL(1), 1983, pp. 259-265. BibRef 8300

Yamashita, Y., Higuchi, K., Yamada, Y., Haga, Y.,
Classification of Handprinted Kanji Characters by Structured Segment Matching,
PRL(1), 1983, pp. 475-479. BibRef 8300

Leung, C.H., Cheung, Y.S., Wong, Y.L.,
A Knowledge-Based Stroke-Matching Method for Chinese Character Recognition,
SMC(17), 1987, pp. 993-1003. BibRef 8700

Chen, P.N., Chen, Y.S., Hsu, W.H.,
Stroke Relation Coding: A New Approach to the Recognition of Multi-Font Printed Chinese Characters,
PRAI(2), 1988, pp. 149-160. BibRef 8800

Liao, C.W.[Chia-Wei], Huang, J.S.[Jun S.],
Stroke Segmentation by Bernstein-Bezier Curve Fitting,
PR(23), No. 5, 1990, pp. 475-484.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Ju, R.H.[Rong-Hauh], Jou, I.C.[I-Chang], Tsay, M.K.[Mu-King],
Zooming techniques on digital Chinese character patterns: a further study and improvement,
IVC(9), No. 3, June 1991, pp. 194-200.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Tseng, L.Y., Chuang, C.T.,
An efficient knowledge-based stroke extraction method for multi-font chinese characters,
PR(25), No. 12, December 1992, pp. 1445-1458.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Hsieh, C.C.[Chen-Chiung], Lee, H.J.[Hsi-Jian],
Off-line recognition of handwritten Chinese characters by on-line model-guided matching,
PR(25), No. 11, November 1992, pp. 1337-1352.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef
And:
A probabilistic stroke-based Viterbi algorithm for handwritten Chinese characters recognition,
ICPR92(II:191-194).
IEEE DOI Reference 9208 BibRef

Lee, H.J., Chen, B.,
Recognition of Handwritten Chinese Characters via Short Line Segments,
PR(25), No. 5, May 1992, pp. 543-552.
WWW Version. BibRef 9205

Cheng, F.H.[Fang-Hsuan], Hsu, W.H.[Wen-Hsing], Kuo, M.C.[Ming-Chuan],
Recognition of handprinted chinese characters via stroke relaxation,
PR(26), No. 4, April 1993, pp. 579-593.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Cheng, F.H.,
Multi-Stroke Relaxation Matching Method For Handwritten Chinese Character-Recognition,
PR(31), No. 4, April 1998, pp. 401-410.
WWW Version. 9803 BibRef

Cheng, R.H., Lee, C.W., Chen, Z.,
Preclassification of Handwritten Chinese Characters Based on Basic Stroke Substructures,
PRL(16), No. 10, October 1995, pp. 1023-1032. BibRef 9510

Wang, A.B., Fan, K.C., Wu, W.H.,
Recursive Hierarchical Radical Extraction for Handwritten Chinese Characters,
PR(30), No. 7, July 1997, pp. 1213-1227.
WWW Version. 9707 BibRef
Earlier:
A Recursive Hierarchical Scheme for Radical Extraction of Handwritten Chinese Characters,
ICPR96(III: 240-244).
IEEE DOI Reference 9608(National Central Univ., ROC) BibRef

Wang, A.B.[An-Bang], Fan, K.C.[Kuo-Chin],
Optical recognition of handwritten Chinese characters by hierarchical radical matching method,
PR(34), No. 1, January 2001, pp. 15-35.
WWW Version. 0010 BibRef

Lee, C.N., Wu, B.H.,
A Chinese Character Stroke Extraction Algorithm Based on Contour Information,
PR(31), No. 6, June 1998, pp. 651-663.
WWW Version. 9806 BibRef

Lee, C., Wu, B., Huang, W.C.,
Integration of Multiple Levels of Contour Information for Chinese-Character Stroke Extraction,
ICDAR97(Poste) 9708 BibRef

Chang, H.H., Yan, H.,
Analysis of Stroke Structures of Handwritten Chinese Characters,
SMC-B(29), No. 1, February 1999, pp. 47-61.
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9902

Kim, J.W.[Jin Wook], Kim, K.I.[Kwang In], Choi, B.J.[Bong Joon], Kim, H.J.[Hang Joon],
Decomposition of Chinese character into strokes using mathematical morphology,
PRL(20), No. 3, March 1999, pp. 285-292 BibRef 9903

Chiu, H.P.[Hung-Pin], Tseng, D.C.[Din-Chang],
A novel stroke-based feature extraction for handwritten Chinese character recognition,
PR(32), No. 12, December 1999, pp. 1947-1959.
WWW Version. BibRef 9912

Tseng, Y.H.[Yi-Hong], Lee, H.J.[Hsi-Jian],
Recognition-based handwritten Chinese character segmentation using a probabilistic Viterbi algorithm,
PRL(20), No. 8, August 1999, pp. 791-806. BibRef 9908

Liu, K.[Ke], Huang, Y.S.[Yea S.], Suen, C.Y.[Ching Y.],
Identification of Fork Points on the Skeletons of Handwritten Chinese Characters,
PAMI(21), No. 10, October 1999, pp. 1095-1100. 799914 Stroke extraction for recognition. BibRef 9910

Tang, Y.Y., Suen, C.Y.,
Extraction of peripheral shape features in Chinese character recognition,
ICPR94(B:377-379).
IEEE DOI Reference 9410 BibRef

He, R.[Rong], Yan, H.[Hong],
Stroke extraction as pre-processing step to improve thinning results of Chinese characters,
PRL(21), No. 9, August 2000, pp. 817-825. 0008 BibRef

Fan, K.C.[Kuo-Chin], Wu, W.H.[Wei-Hsien],
A Run-length Coding Based Approach to Stroke Extraction of Chinese Characters,
PR(33), No. 11, November 2000, pp. 1881-1895.
WWW Version. 0011 BibRef
Earlier: ICPR00(Vol II: 565-568).
IEEE DOI Reference
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Liu, C.L.[Cheng-Lin], Kim, I.J.[In-Jung], Kim, J.H.[Jin H.],
Model-based stroke extraction and matching for handwritten Chinese character recognition,
PR(34), No. 12, December 2001, pp. 2339-2352.
WWW Version. 0110 See also Hierarchical random graph representation of handwritten characters and its application to Hangul recognition. BibRef

Liu, C.L.[Cheng-Lin], Marukawa, K.[Katsumi],
Pseudo two-dimensional shape normalization methods for handwritten Chinese character recognition,
PR(38), No. 12, December 2005, pp. 2242-2255.
WWW Version. 0510 BibRef

Liu, C.L.[Cheng-Lin],
Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition: Effects of Shape Normalization and Feature Extraction,
SACH06(xx-yy).
Springer DOI Reference 0609 BibRef

Liu, C.L.[Cheng-Lin], Sako, H.[Hiroshi], Fujisawa, H.[Hiromichi],
Handwritten Numeral String Recognition: Effects of Character Normalization and Feature Extraction,
IEICE(E88-D), No. 8, August 2005, pp. 1791-1798.
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef
Earlier:
Handwritten Chinese character recognition: Alternatives to nonlinear normalization,
ICDAR03(524-528).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef
Earlier:
Learning quadratic discriminant function for handwritten character classification,
ICPR02(IV: 44-47).
IEEE DOI Reference 0211 BibRef

Fujisawa, H., Liu, C.L.[Cheng-Lin],
Directional pattern matching for character recognition revisited,
ICDAR03(794-798).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Kim, I.J.[In-Jung], Kim, J.H.[Jin-Hyung],
Statistical character structure modeling and its application to handwritten Chinese character recognition,
PAMI(25), No. 11, November 2003, pp. 1422-1436.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Kim, I.J.[In-Jung], Kim, J.H.[Jin-Hyung],
Pair-wise discrimination based on a stroke importance measure,
PR(35), No. 10, October 2002, pp. 2259-2266.
WWW Version. 0206 BibRef

Su, Y.M.[Yih-Ming], Wang, J.F.[Jhing-Fa],
A novel stroke extraction method for Chinese characters using Gabor filters,
PR(36), No. 3, March 2003, pp. 635-647.
WWW Version. 0301 BibRef

Shi, D.M.[Da-Ming], Gunn, S.R.[Steve R.], Damper, R.I.[Robert I.],
Handwritten Chinese character recognition using nonlinear active shape models and the Viterbi algorithm,
PRL(23), No. 14, December 2002, pp. 1853-1862.
HTML Version. 0208 BibRef

Shi, D.M.[Da-Ming], Gunn, S.R.[Steve R.], Damper, R.I.[Robert I.],
Handwritten chinese radical recognition using nonlinear active shape models,
PAMI(25), No. 2, February 2003, pp. 277-280.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0301 BibRef
Earlier:
A Radical Approach to Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition Using Active Handwriting Models,
CVPR01(I:670-675).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0110 BibRef
And:
Active radical modeling for handwritten Chinese characters,
ICDAR01(236-240).
IEEE DOI Reference 0109First extract the basic shapes (radicals), nonlinear active shape models. BibRef

Shi, D., Ng, G.S., Damper, R.I., Gunn, S.R.,
Radical recognition of handwritten Chinese characters using GA-based kernel active shape modelling,
VISP(152), No. 5, October 2005, pp. 634-638.
WWW Version. 0512 BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1, A4, A3:
Nonlinear active handwriting models and their applications to handwritten Chinese radical recognition,
ICDAR03(534-538).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Su, Y.M.[Yih-Ming], Wang, J.F.[Jhing-Fa],
A Learning Process to the Identification of Feature Points on Chinese Characters,
SMC-A(33), No. 3, May 2003, pp. 386-395.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0309 BibRef
Earlier: ICPR02(III: 93-97).
IEEE DOI Reference 0211 BibRef

Yang, Y.P.[Yi-Ping], Zhu, B.L.[Bi-Lan], Nakagawa, M.[Masaki],
Structuring Search Space for Accelerating Large Set Character Recognition,
IEICE(E88-D), No. 8, August 2005, pp. 1799-1806.
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef

Yang, Y.P.[Yi-Ping], Nakagawa, M.[Masaki],
Layered Search Spaces for Accelerating Large Set Character Recognition,
ICPR06(II: 1006-1009).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Yang, Y.P.[Yi-Ping], Velek, O., Nakagawa, M.,
Accelerating large character set recognition using pivots,
ICDAR03(262-267).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Wong, S.T.S.[Sam T.S.], Leung, H.[Howard], Ip, H.H.S.[Horace H.S.],
Model-based analysis of Chinese calligraphy images,
CVIU(109), No. 1, January 2008, pp. 69-85.
WWW Version. 0801 BibRef
Earlier:
Brush Writing Style Classification from Individual Chinese Characters,
ICPR06(I: 884-887).
WWW Version. 0609Virtual Brush; Model-based analysis; Chinese calligraphy images; Automatic brush parameter estimation BibRef

Jin, L., Zu, X.,
Synthesis of Chinese Character Using Affine Transformation,
ICDAR07(218-222).
IEEE DOI Reference 0709 BibRef

Zhou, X.D., Liu, C.L., Quiniou, S., Anquetil, E.,
Text/Non-text Ink Stroke Classification in Japanese Handwriting Based on Markov Random Fields,
ICDAR07(377-381).
IEEE DOI Reference 0709 BibRef

Su, T.H., Zhang, T.W., Huang, H.J., Zhou, Y.,
Skew Detection for Chinese Handwriting by Horizontal Stroke Histogram,
ICDAR07(899-903).
IEEE DOI Reference 0709 BibRef

Ota, I., Yamamoto, R., Sako, S., Sagayama, S.,
Online Handwritten Kanji Recognition Based on Inter-stroke Grammar,
ICDAR07(1188-1192).
IEEE DOI Reference 0709 BibRef

Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Soong, F.,
Minimum Error Discriminative Training for Radical-Based Online Chinese Handwriting Recognition,
ICDAR07(53-57).
IEEE DOI Reference 0709 BibRef

Bai, Z.L.[Zhen-Long], Huo, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
A study on the use of 8-directional features for online handwritten Chinese character recognition,
ICDAR05(I: 262-266).
IEEE DOI Reference 0508 BibRef

Lam, Y.K.[Yat-Kin], Huo, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
A data structure using hashing and tries for efficient Chinese lexical access,
ICDAR05(I: 506-510).
IEEE DOI Reference 0508 BibRef

Cao, H.[Hong], Kot, A.C.,
Online Structure Based Chinese Character Pre-Classification,
ICPR04(II: 395-398).
IEEE DOI Reference 0409 BibRef

Su, Y.M.[Yih-Ming], Wang, J.F.[Jhing-Fa],
Decomposing chinese characters into stroke segments using SOGD filters and orientation normalization,
ICPR04(II: 351-354).
IEEE DOI Reference 0409 BibRef

Nishimura, H., Timikawa, T.,
Off-line character recognition using on-line character writing information,
ICDAR03(168-172).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Nakai, M., Shimodaira, H., Sagayama, S.,
Generation of hierarchical dictionary for stroke-order free Kanji handwriting recognition based on substroke HMM,
ICDAR03(514-518).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Shimodaira, H., Sudo, T., Nakai, M., Sagayama, S.,
On-line overlaid-handwriting recognition based on substroke HMMs,
ICDAR03(1043-1047).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Nakai, M., Sudo, T., Shimodaira, H., Sagayama, S.,
Pen pressure features for writer-independent on-line handwriting recognition based on substroke HMM,
ICPR02(III: 220-223).
IEEE DOI Reference 0211 BibRef

Tokuno, J., Inami, N., Matsuda, S., Nakai, M., Shimodaira, H., Sagayama, S.,
Context-dependent substroke model for HMM-based on-line handwriting recognition,
FHR02(78-83).
IEEE Top Reference. 0209 BibRef

Nakai, M., Akira, N., Shimodaira, H., Sagayama, S.,
Substroke approach to HMM-based on-line Kanji handwriting recognition,
ICDAR01(491-495).
IEEE DOI Reference 0109 BibRef

Mi, X.F.[Xiao-Feng], Xu, J.[Jie], Tang, M.[Min], Dong, J.X.[Jin-Xiang],
The droplet virtual brush for Chinese calligraphic character modeling,
WACV02(330-334).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0303 BibRef

Velek, O.[Ondrej], Nakagawa, M.[Masaki],
Using Stroke-Number-Characteristics for Improving Efficiency of Combined Online and Offline Japanese Character Classifiers,
DAS02(115 ff.).
HTML Version. 0303 BibRef

Lin, F.[Feng], Tang, X.[Xiaoou],
Off-line handwritten chinese character stroke extraction,
ICPR02(III: 249-252).
IEEE DOI Reference 0211 BibRef

Matic, N.P., Platt, J.C., Wang, T.,
Quickstroke: an incremental on-line Chinese handwriting recognition system,
ICPR02(III: 435-439).
IEEE DOI Reference 0211 BibRef

Tan, C.K.[Chwee Keng],
An algorithm for on-line strokes verification of chinese characters using discrete features,
FHR02(339-344).
IEEE Top Reference. 0209 BibRef

Cao, R., Tan, C.L.,
A Model of Stroke Extraction from Chinese Character Images,
ICPR00(Vol IV: 368-371).
IEEE DOI Reference
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Yang, H.M.[Hsi-Ming], Lu, J.J.[Jainn-Jyh], Lee, H.J.[Hsi-Jian],
A Bezier curve-based approach to shape description for Chinese calligraphy characters,
ICDAR01(276-280).
IEEE DOI Reference 0109 BibRef

Gao, X.[Xue], Jin, L.W.[Lian-Wen], Yin, J.X.[Jun-Xun], Huang, J.C.[Jian-Cheng],
A new stroke-based directional feature extraction approach for handwritten Chinese character recognition,
ICDAR01(635-639).
IEEE DOI Reference 0109 BibRef

Wang, Q.[Qing], Chi, Z.[Zheru], Feng, D.D., Zhao, R.C.[Rong-Chun],
Match between normalization schemes and feature sets for handwritten Chinese character recognition,
ICDAR01(551-555).
IEEE DOI Reference 0109 BibRef

Velek, O., Liu, C.L.[Cheng-Lin], Nakagawa, M.,
Generating realistic Kanji character images from on-line patterns,
ICDAR01(556-560).
IEEE DOI Reference 0109 BibRef

Ip, W.W.S., Chung, K.F.L., Yeung, D.S.,
Off-Line Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition via Radical Extraction and Recognition,
ICDAR97(Mo-4A) 9708 BibRef

Xia, F.,
Knowledge-based sub-pattern segmentation: Decompositions of Chinese characters,
ICIP94(I: 179-182).
IEEE DOI Reference 9411 BibRef

Lee, H.J.[Hsi-Jian], Hsu, H.C.[Hung-Chi],
A hierarchical model-guided generation of Chinese characters,
ICPR94(B:256-260).
IEEE DOI Reference 9410 BibRef

Shyu, K.H.[Keh-Hwa], Lee, C.J.[Chun-Jen], Tsay, M.K.[Mu-King],
An OCR based translation system between simplified and complex Chinese characters,
ICPR94(B:368-370).
IEEE DOI Reference 9410 BibRef

Zhang, Z., He, M., Ge, C.,
A Research on Printed Chinese Character Recognition Based on Stroke Features with Optical/Digital Hybrid Realization,
ICPR88(I: 573-575).
IEEE DOI Reference
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 8800

Zeng, J., Inoue, T., Sanadi, H., Tezuka, Y.,
A Data Structure Suitable for Representing the Calligraphic Rules for Chinese Character Evaluation,
ICPR88(I: 181-183).
IEEE DOI Reference
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 8800

Chapter on OCR, Document Analysis and Character Recognition Systems continues in
Chinese Characters, Handwritten .