13.3.7 Matching Using "Tree" Searching Techniques

Chapter Contents (Back)
Object Recognition. Constraint Satisfaction. Matching, Tree Search. Tree Searching.

Slagle, J.R., Lee, R.C.T.,
Applications of Game Tree Searching Techniques to Sequential Pattern Recognition,
CACM(14), 1971, pp. 103-110. BibRef 7100

Haralick, R.M., and Shapiro, L.G.,
The Consistent Labeling Problem: Part I,
PAMI(1), No. 2, April 1979, pp. 173-184. BibRef 7904
And:
The Consistent Labeling Problem: Part II,
PAMI(2), No. 3, May 1980, pp. 193-203. BibRef
Earlier:
The Consistent Labeling Problem and Some Applications to Scene Analysis,
ICPR78(616-619). BibRef
And:
The Consistent Labeling Problem,
PRAI-78(173-178). Explore how the problem is done and various operators that can make it faster. BibRef

Shapiro, L.G., and Haralick, R.M.,
Structural Descriptions and Inexact Matching,
PAMI(3), No. 5, September 1981, pp. 504-519. BibRef 8109
Earlier:
Algorithms for Inexact Matching,
ICPR80(202-207). Relaxation, Evaluation. Use of Null nodes. This paper discusses structural description methods (using parts and interrelationships of the parts), and matching techniques based on tree searching (backtrack alone, forwardchecking, and looking ahead). Two kind of matching are described: exact where every relation matches and inexact that is not perfect, only good enough (a mapping such that the weighted sum of the corresponding relations is greater than some given threshold, and the weighted sum of non-matching elements is less than a threshold). Finding the best match is more complex: how do you compare 2 matches when there are good and bad points to each? Searching eliminates impossible (unlikely) paths by considering not only the error in the matches found so far but the minimum error that can occur in the future assignments as constrained by the past labels. Forward checking looks at all future labels, looking ahead only considers the next set of assignments. A look ahead by two assignments is the same as discrete relaxation. The forward checking produces the best results mostly because of the extra computation of the lookahead operations. When more errors are introduced the problem becomes much harder. A major conclusion of the paper is that the inexact matching (consistent labeling) problem is much harder than the exact matching problem. BibRef

Shapiro, L.G.,
Inexact Matching in ESP3,
ICPR76(759-763). BibRef 7600

Haralick, R.M., Ullmann, J.R., and Shapiro, L.G.,
Computer Architecture for Solving Consistent Labeling Problems,
Computer Journal(28), No. 2, 1985, pp. 105-111. BibRef 8500

Haralick, R.M.[Robert M.], and Elliott, G.L.[Gordon L.],
Increasing Tree Search Efficiency for Constraint Satisfaction Problems,
AI(14), No. 3, October 1980, pp. 263-313.
WWW Version.
HTML Version. BibRef 8010
Earlier: IJCAI79(356-364). BibRef

Rubin, S.[Steve],
Natural Scene Recognition Using Locus Search,
CGIP(13), No. 4, August 1980, pp. 298-333.
WWW Version. BibRef 8008

Rubin, S., and Reddy, R.,
The Locus Model of Search and its Use in Image Interpretation,
IJCAI77(590-595). BibRef 7700
And: DARPA77(12-14). Locus, or beam search applied to vision. BibRef

Rubin, S.[Steve],
The ARGOS Image Understanding System,
Ph.D.Thesis (CS), 1978. BibRef 7800 CMU-CS-TR-Report, CMU CS Dept. BibRef
Earlier: DARPAN78(159-162). Pose Estimation. Color. Viewpoint Constraint. The matching method used in HARPY speech program applied to vision, recognition at the basic region level. It requires a detailed model to specify what is possible. BibRef

Boyer, K.L., Vayda, A.J., and Kak, A.C.,
Robotic Manipulation Experiments Using Structural Stereopsis for 3D Vision,
IEEE_EXPERT(1), Fall 1986, pp. 73-94. This reports on results of the work that is covered in the next paper, but is a less technical vision article. BibRef 8600

Boyer, K.L., and Kak, A.C.,
Structural Stereo for 3-D Vision,
PAMI(10), No. 2, March 1988, pp. 144-166.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 8803
Earlier:
Symbolic Stereo from Structural Descriptions,
CAIA85(82-87). There is a lot in the paper, primarily it is a matching method. The comparison technique is described in information theoretic terms, but is basically standard, the difference is a triangle function with a peak for no difference between the two and a limit on where zero is reached. The search method is standard tree search, start with the ones that have the fewest options (get the set of best matches and take them only if they are good enough), also there is a nice NIL mapping technique -- NIL is the match of last resort (i.e. at the end of every path in the search tree) but is added to the possible matches only if no other match is good enough. The system uses an information theoretic distance measure (essentially the probaability that two corresponding elements will have the given difference). BibRef

Vayda, A.J., and Kak, A.C.,
A Robot Vision System for Recognition of Generic Shaped Objects,
CVGIP(54), No. 1, July 1991, pp. 1-46.
WWW Version. BibRef 9107
Earlier:
INGEN: A Robot Vision System for Generic Object Recognition,
CADBV91(166-175). A generic object (parallelepipeds and cylinders) recognition system, that extracts object hypotheses, geometric reasoning to find size and detect geometric inconsistencies and recognition to reject hypotheses which have little support. Uses range data. BibRef

van der Helm, P.A., Leeuwenberg, E.L.J.,
Avoiding explosive search in automatic selection of simplest pattern codes,
PR(19), No. 2, 1986, pp. 181-191.
WWW Version. 0309 BibRef

Newborn, M.,
Unsynchronized iteratively deepening parallel alpha-beta search,
PAMI(10), No. 5, September 1988, pp. 687-694.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Schaeffer, J.,
The history heuristic and alpha-beta search enhancements in practice,
PAMI(11), No. 11, November 1989, pp. 1203-1212.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Powley, C., Korf, R.E.,
Single-agent parallel window search,
PAMI(13), No. 5, May 1991, pp. 466-477.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Kaindl, H., Shams, R., Horacek, H.,
Minimax search algorithms with and without aspiration windows,
PAMI(13), No. 12, December 1991, pp. 1225-1235.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Yang, G.Z.[Guang-Zheng],
The search algorithms stimulated by premise set in the syntactic knowledge system,
PR(26), No. 1, January 1993, pp. 17-22.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Paglieroni, D.W., Ford, G.E., Tsujimoto, E.M.,
The Position-Orientation Masking Approach To Parametric Search For Template Matching,
PAMI(16), No. 7, July 1994, pp. 740-747.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 9407

Reinefeld, A., Marsland, T.A.,
Enhanced Iterative-Deepening Search,
PAMI(16), No. 7, July 1994, pp. 701-710.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 9407

Ben-Arie, J., and Meiri, A.Z.,
3D Objects Recognition by Optimal Matching Search of Multinary Relations Graphs,
CVGIP(37), No. 3, March 1987, pp. 345-361.
WWW Version. BibRef 8703
Earlier:
3-D Objects Recognition by State Space Search: Optimal Geometric Matching,
CVPR86(456-461). BibRef
And:
Optimal Recognition of 3-D Objects By Search: Generic Models,
ICPR86(100-103). Recognize Three-Dimensional Objects. 3D shape matching, using heuristics to limit the cost of the search. (Ignore the grammar problems in the title.) BibRef

Ben-Arie, J., and Meiri, A.Z.,
Three-Dimensional Object Recognition by Two-Dimensional Inclined Shapes Matching with Area Ratios Method,
Draftfall 1984. (Technion - Israel) The interesting thing is the ratio of the area of the lobe to the whole area. This is the feature used in the comparison. Everything else is straightforward. BibRef 8400

Kuno, Y., Okamoto, Y., Okada, S.,
Robot vision using a feature search strategy generated from a 3D object model,
PAMI(13), No. 10, October 1991, pp. 1085-1097.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef
Earlier:
Object Recognition Using a Feature Search Strategy Generated from a 3-D Model,
ICCV90(626-635).
WWW Version. BibRef

Spirkovska, L.,
Three-Dimensional Object Recognition Using Similar Triangles and Decision Trees,
PR(26), No. 5, May 1993, pp. 727-732.
WWW Version. BibRef 9305

Ishida, T.,
Real-Time Bidirectional Search: Coordinated Problem-Solving in Uncertain Situations,
PAMI(18), No. 6, June 1996, pp. 617-628.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 9607Search. BibRef

Chaudhury, S., Acharyya, A., Subramanian, S., Parthasarathy, G.,
Recognition of Occluded Objects with Heuristic Search,
PR(23), No. 6, 1990, pp. 617-635.
WWW Version. BibRef 9000

Chaudhury, S., Subramanian, S., Parthasarathy, G.,
Recognition of Partial Planar Shapes in Limited Memory Environments,
PRAI(4), 1990, pp. 603-628. BibRef 9000

Ishida, T., Korf, R.E.,
Moving-Target Search: A Real-Time Search for Changing Goals,
PAMI(17), No. 6, June 1995, pp. 609-619.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 9506

Cho, C.J., Kim, J.H.,
Recognizing 3-D Objects by Forward Checking Constrained Tree Search,
PRL(13), 1992, pp. 587-597. BibRef 9200

Stewart, B.S., Liaw, C.F., White, III, C.C.,
A Bibliography of Heuristic Search Research Through 1992,
SMC(24), 1994, pp. 268-293. BibRef 9400

Chung, K.L., Wu, J.G., Lan, J.K.,
Efficient Search Algorithm on Compact S-Trees,
PRL(18), No. 14, December 1997, pp. 1427-1434. 9806 BibRef

Cantoni, V., Cinque, L., Guerra, C., Levialdi, S., Lombardi, L.,
2-D Object Recognition by Multiscale Tree Matching,
PR(31), No. 10, October 1998, pp. 1443-1454.
WWW Version. 9808 BibRef

Raman, A.[Anand], Andreae, P.[Peter], Patrick, J.[Jon],
A Beam Search Algorithm for PFSA Inference,
PAA(1), No. 2, 1998, pp. 121-129. BibRef 9800

Joseph, S.H.,
Analysing and reducing the cost of exhaustive correspondence search,
IVC(17), No. 11, September 1999, pp. 815-830.
WWW Version. BibRef 9909

Silvela, J., Portillo, J.,
Breadth-first search and its application image processing problems,
IP(10), No. 8, August 2001, pp. 1194-1199.
WWW Version. 0108 BibRef

Wang, J.K.[Jian-Kang], Li, X.B.[Xiao-Bo],
Controlled accurate searches with balloons,
PR(36), No. 3, March 2003, pp. 827-843.
WWW Version. 0301 BibRef

Breuel, T.M.,
On the use of interval arithmetic in geometric branch and bound algorithms,
PRL(24), No. 9-10, June 2003, pp. 1375-1384.
WWW Version. 0304 BibRef

Breuel, T.M.[Thomas M.],
A Comparison of Search Strategies for Geometric Branch and Bound Algorithms,
ECCV02(III: 837 ff.).
HTML Version. 0205 BibRef

Breuel, T.M.[Thomas M.],
Implementation techniques for geometric branch-and-bound matching methods,
CVIU(90), No. 3, June 2003, pp. 258-294.
WWW Version. 0307 BibRef

Sun, C.M.[Chang-Ming], Pallottino, S.[Stefano],
Circular shortest path in images,
PR(36), No. 3, March 2003, pp. 709-719.
WWW Version. 0301 BibRef
Earlier:
Circular Shortest Path on Regular Grids,
ACCV02(852-857). BibRef

Appleton, B.[Ben], Sun, C.M.[Chang-Ming],
Circular shortest paths by branch and bound,
PR(36), No. 11, November 2003, pp. 2513-2520.
WWW Version. 0309 BibRef

Sun, C.M.[Chang-Ming], Appleton, B.[Ben],
Multiple Paths Extraction in Images Using a Constrained Expanded Trellis,
PAMI(27), No. 12, December 2005, pp. 1923-1933.
WWW Version. 0512Extract multiple paths, rather than a single optimal path. ( See also Finding the Best Set of K Paths through a Trellis with Application to Multitarget Tracking. ) BibRef

Undeger, C., Polat, F.,
Real-Time Edge Follow: A Real-Time Path Search Approach,
SMC-C(37), No. 5, September 2007, pp. 860-872.
WWW Version. 0710Real-time path searching. Compared to real-time A*. BibRef


Boffy, A., Tsin, Y., Genc, Y.,
Real-Time Feature Matching using Adaptive and Spatially Distributed Classification Trees,
BMVC06(II:529).
PDF Version. 0609 BibRef

Serratosa, F.[Francesc], Sanromà, G.[Gerard], Sanfeliu, A.[Alberto],
A New Algorithm to Compute the Distance Between Multi-dimensional Histograms,
CIARP07(115-123).
WWW Version. 0711 BibRef

Serratosa, F.[Francesc], Sanromà, G.[Gerard],
An Efficient Distance Between Multi-dimensional Histograms for Comparing Images,
SSPR06(412-421).
WWW Version. 0608 BibRef

Serratosa, F.[Francesc], Sanfeliu, A.[Alberto],
Vision-Based Robot Positioning by an Exact Distance Between Histograms,
ICPR06(II: 849-852).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef
And:
A Fast and Exact Modulo-Distance Between Histograms,
SSPR06(394-402).
WWW Version. 0608To determine if the image is familiar. BibRef

Serratosa, F.[Francesc], Sanfeliu, A.[Alberto],
Matching Attributed Graphs: 2nd-Order Probabilities for Pruning the Search Tree,
IbPRIA05(II:131).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Wahl, E.[Eric], Hirzinger, G.[Gerd],
A Method for Fast Search of Variable Regions on Dynamic 3D Point Clouds,
DAGM05(208).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Thayananthan, A., Stenger, B., Torr, P.H.S., Cipolla, R.,
Learning a Kinematic Prior for Tree-Based Filtering,
BMVC03(xx-yy).
HTML Version. 0409Tree based evaluation for tracking. BibRef

Stenger, B., Thayananthan, A., Torr, P.H.S., Cipolla, R.,
Filtering using a tree-based estimator,
ICCV03(1063-1070).
WWW Version. 0311 BibRef

Huber, D.F.[Daniel F.], Hebert, M.[Martial],
3D Modeling Using a Statistical Sensor Model and Stochastic Search,
CVPR03(I: 858-865).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
HTML Version. 0307 BibRef
And: CREST03(125-126). 0309 BibRef

Kovtun, I.[Ivan],
Partial Optimal Labeling Search for a NP-Hard Subclass of (max,+) Problems,
DAGM03(402-409).
HTML Version. 0310 BibRef

Hao, H.W.[Hong-Wei], Liu, C.L.[Cheng-Lin], Sako, H.,
Comparison of genetic algorithm and sequential search methods for classifier subset selection,
ICDAR03(765-769).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Tabibi, O.D.[Omid David], Netanyahu, N.S.[Nathan S.],
Verified Null-move Pruning,
UMD-- TR4406, October 2002.
WWW Version.
WWW Version. BibRef 0210

Jepson, A.D.[Allan D.], Mann, R.[Richard],
Qualitative Probabilities for Image Interpretation,
ICCV99(1123-1130).
WWW Version. Probabilistic pruning of search tree. BibRef 9900

Greenspan, M.A.[Michael A.],
The Sample Tree: A Sequential Hypothesis Testing Approach to 3D Object Recognition,
CVPR98(772-779).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9800

Chung, H.Y., Cheung, P.Y.S., Yung, N.H.C.,
Adaptive search center non-linear three step search,
ICIP98(II: 191-194).
WWW Version. 9810 BibRef

Commike, A.Y., Hull, J.J.,
Syntactic pattern classification by branch and bound search,
CVPR91(432-437).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0403 BibRef

Tanimoto, S.L.,
Machine Vision as State-Space Search,
MVAAS88(XX-YY). Search Techniques. Model vision as a search. Describe search techniques. BibRef 8800

Breuel, T.M.[Thomas M.],
Geometric Aspects of Visual Object Recognition,
MIT AI-TR-1374, May 1992. BibRef 9205 Ph.D.thesis, MIT, 1992.
WWW Version. BibRef

Breuel, T.M.,
Higher-Order Statistics in Object Recognition,
CVPR93(707-708).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9300

Breuel, T.M.,
Fast Recognition Using Adaptive Subdivisions of Transformation Space,
CVPR92(445-451).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. This algorithm is faster than the alignment and Hough methods. BibRef 9200

Breuel, T.M.,
Model Based Recognition Using Pruned Correspondence Search,
CVPR91(257-262).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. Reduce potentially exponential time algorithms to polynomial time by requiring the matching of features to convex regions. BibRef 9100

Breuel, T.M.[Thomas M.],
An Efficient Correspondence Based Algorithm for 2D and 3D Model Based Recognition,
MIT AI Memo-1259, October 1990. BibRef 9010

Breuel, T.M.[Thomas M.],
Indexing for Visual Recognition from a Large Model Base,
MIT AI Memo-1108, August 1990.
WWW Version. BibRef 9008

Breuel, T.M.,
Adaptive Model Base Indexing,
DARPA89(805-814). BibRef 8900

Blostein, S.D., Huang, T.S.,
A Tree Search Algorithm for Target Detection in Image Sequences,
CVPR88(690-695).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 8800

Brailovsky, V.L.,
A probabilistic estimate of clustering,
ICPR90(I: 953-956).
WWW Version. 9006 BibRef
Earlier:
On use of predictive probabilistic estimates for selecting best decision rules in the course of a search,
CVPR88(469-475).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0403 BibRef

Gennery, D.B.,
A Feature-Based Scene Matcher,
IJCAI81(667-673), (JPL). Match 2 scene descriptions - set of feature vectors, differ by unknown transformation. Method: search by sequentially matching features of one scene to those of the other scene. Computer transformations and probability of match - use these to prune tree. Search: choose of possible match for one element (try all), choose a consistent match for the next element, etc. Standard search problems. Examples are on small numbers. BibRef 8100

Smith, D.R.[David R.],
Search Strategies for the ARGOS Image Understanding System,
DARPAN79(42-46). Extension of the ARGOS system. BibRef 7900

Chapter on Matching and Recognition Using Volumes, High Level Vision Techniques, Invariants continues in
Tabu Search .


Last update:Aug 27, 2008 at 19:16:50