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Reliable Indexing Using Unreliable Recognition Devices,
PAMI(3), No. 3, May 1981, pp. 347-350.
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Interfacing criteria for recognition logic used with a context
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Elsevier DOI
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Evaluation, OCR.
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SDAIR93(xx).
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Nartker, T.A.[Thomas A.],
Rice, S.V.[Stephen V.],
Kanai, J.[Junichi],
OCR Accuracy: UNLV's Second Annual Test,
INFORM(8), No. 1, January 1994, pp. 40-45.
Evaluation, OCR.
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Rice, S.V.[Steve V.],
Kanai, J.[Junichi],
Nartker, T.A.[Thomas A.],
The Third Annual Test of OCR Accuracy,
SDAIR94(xx). April 1994.
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Nartker, T.A.[Thomas A.],
Rice, S.V.[Stephen V.],
OCR Accuracy: UNLV's Third Annual Test,
INFORM(8), No. 8, September 1994, pp. 30-36.
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9409
Rice, S.V.,
Jenkins, F.R.,
Nartker, T.A.,
The Fouth Annual Test of OCR Accuracy,
SDAIR95or ISRI TR-95-04, April 1995.
BibRef
9504
Rice, S.V.[Steve V.],
The Fifth Annual Test of OCR Accuracy,
SDAIR96(XX)
Information Science Research Institute.
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9600
Rice, S.V.,
Jenkins, F.R.,
Nartker, T.A.,
OCR Accuracy: UNLV's Fifth Annual Test,
INFORM(10), No. 8, September 1996, pp. xx-yy.
BibRef
9609
Kanugo, T.,
Haralick, R.M.,
Phillips, I.T.,
Nonlinear Local and Global Document Degradation Models,
IJIST(5), No. 4, Fall 1994, pp. 220-30.
BibRef
9400
Earlier:
Global And Local Document Degradation Models,
ICDAR93(730-734).
And the evaluation of edges:
See also Methodology for Quantitative Performance Evaluation of Detection Algorithms, A.
BibRef
Kanungo, T.[Tapas],
Haralick, R.M.[Robert M.],
Baird, H.S.[Henry S.],
Stuezle, W.[Werner],
Madigan, D.[David],
A Statistical, Nonparametric Methodology for Document Degradation Model
Validation,
PAMI(22), No. 11, November 2000, pp. 1209-1223.
IEEE DOI
0012
Evaluation, Document Analysis.
BibRef
And:
UMD--TR3982, January 1999.
WWW Link.
BibRef
Earlier:
Document Degradation Models: Parameter Estimation and Model Validation,
MVA94(552-7). Kawasaki, Japan.
Printing, photocopying, and scanning processes. Models to predict performance.
BibRef
Baird, H.S.[Henry S.],
Document Image Defect Models,
SDIA92(xx-yy).
0905
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Kanungo, T.,
Haralick, R.M.,
Receiver Operating Curves and Optimal Bayesian Operating Points,
ICIP95(III: 256-259).
IEEE DOI
9510
BibRef
Kanungo, T.,
Haralick, R.M.,
Estimation of Morphological Degradation Parameters,
SPIE(2424), 1995, pp. 86-95. San Jose, California, USA.
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Kanungo, T.,
Haralick, R.M.,
Baird, H.S.,
Power Functions and Their Use in Selecting Distance Functions for
Document Degradation Model Validation,
ICDAR95(734-9). Montreal, Canada.
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Kanungo, T.,
Haralick, R.M.,
An Automatic Closed-Loop Methodology for Generating Character
Groundtruth for Scanned Documents,
PAMI(21), No. 2, February 1999, pp. 179-183.
IEEE DOI
Evaluation, OCR.
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And: A1 only:
UMD--TR3959, December 1998.
WWW Link.
BibRef
Kanungo, T.,
Haralick, R.M.,
Automatic Generation of Character Groundtruth for Scanned Documents:
A Closed-Loop Approach,
ICPR96(III: 669-675).
IEEE DOI
9608
(Univ. of Washington, USA)
BibRef
Kanungo, T.[Tapas],
Resnik, P.[Philip],
The Bible, Truth, and Multilingual OCR Evaluation,
UMD--TR3967, December 1998.
WWW Link.
BibRef
9812
Kanungo, T.[Tapas],
Marton, G.A.[Gregory A.],
Bulbul, O.[Osama],
Paired Model Evaluation of OCR Algorithms,
UMD--TR3972, December 1998.
WWW Link.
BibRef
9812
Ho, T.K.[Tin Kam],
Baird, H.S.,
Large-Scale Simulation Studies in Image Pattern Recognition,
PAMI(19), No. 10, October 1997, pp. 1067-1079.
IEEE DOI
9710
Evaluation. Irregular cluster shapes.
BibRef
Kanai, J.,
Rice, S.V.,
Nartker, T.A.,
Nagy, G.,
Automated Evaluation of OCR Zoning,
PAMI(17), No. 1, January 1995, pp. 86-90.
IEEE DOI
BibRef
9501
Jung, D.M.,
Krishnamoorthy, M.S.,
Nagy, G.,
Shapira, A.,
N-Tuple Features for OCR Revisited,
PAMI(18), No. 7, July 1996, pp. 734-745.
IEEE DOI
9608
Generate N points that should be in a character and use for matching.
Finding a good set is NP, but usually runs quickly on current hardware.
BibRef
Jung, D.M.,
Joint Feature and Classifier Design for OCR Based on a
Small Training Set,
Ph.D.Thesis, RPI, May 1995.
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Kanai, J.,
Rice, S.V.,
Nartker, T.A.,
A Preliminary Evaluation of Automatic Zoning,
ISRITR-93-02, April 1993.
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Mao, J.C.,
Mohiuddin, K.M.,
Improving OCR Performance Using Character Degradation Models and
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PRL(18), No. 11-13, November 1997, pp. 1415-1419.
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Micó, L.[Luisa],
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Comparison of Fast Nearest Neighbor Classifiers for
Handwritten Character Recognition,
PRL(19), No. 3-4, March 1998, pp. 351-356.
9807
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Junker, M.,
Hoch, R.,
An Experimental Evaluation of OCR Text Representations for Learning
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IJDAR(1), No. 2, 1998, pp. 319-330.
Evaluation, OCR.
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9800
Govindaraju, V.[Venu],
Slavik, P.[Petr],
Xue, H.H.[Han-Hong],
Use of Lexicon Density in Evaluating Word Recognizers,
PAMI(24), No. 6, June 2002, pp. 789-800.
IEEE DOI
0206
Word Level Recognition. Rather than just number of words, the distribution of words matters.
(I.e. get the common words right, miss the occasional rare word.)
BibRef
Xue, H.H.[Han-Hong],
Govindaraju, V.[Venu],
On the Dependence of Handwritten Word Recognizers on Lexicons,
PAMI(24), No. 12, December 2002, pp. 1553-1564.
IEEE Abstract.
0212
Analysis of how recognition depends on lexicon (size, similar words).
Model fits well.
Five word recognizers
Oversegmentation
See also Lexicon Driven Approach to Handwritten Word Recognition for Real-Time Applications, A. Oversegmentation
See also Overview of Run-Length Encoding of Handwritten Word Images, An. Grapheme
See also Building Skeletal Graphs for Structural Feature Extraction on Handwriting Images. Character model
See also Character Model Word Recognition. Continuous modles
See also Variable Duration Hidden Markov Model and Morphological Segmentation for Handwritten Word Recognition.
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Govindaraju, V.[Venu],
Xue, H.,
Fast handwriting recognition for indexing historical documents,
DIAL04(314-320).
IEEE DOI
0404
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Kim, D.W.[Doe-Wan],
Kanungo, T.[Tapas],
Attributed point matching for automatic groundtruth generation,
IJDAR(5), No. 1, 2002, pp. 47-66.
Springer DOI
0211
BibRef
And:
A Point Matching Algorithm for Automatic Groundtruth Generation,
UMD--TR4217, February 2001.
WWW Link. OCR evaluation groundtruth generation.
BibRef
Lee, C.H.[Chang Ha],
Kanungo, T.[Tapas],
The architecture of TrueViz:
A groundTRUth/metadata editing and VIsualiZing ToolKit,
PR(36), No. 3, March 2003, pp. 811-825.
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Earlier:
UMD--TR4212, February 2001.
WWW Link. Document analysis tools for creating groundtruth.
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WWW Link.
Dataset, OCR.
Dataset, Documents. A series of datasets for OCR and document analysis.
Chen, Z.G.[Zhen-Gang],
Ding, X.Q.[Xiao-Qing],
Rejection algorithm for mis-segmented characters in multilingual
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ICDAR03(746-749).
IEEE DOI
0311
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Takasu, A.,
Aihara, K.,
DVHMM: variable length text recognition error model,
ICPR02(III: 110-114).
IEEE DOI
0211
BibRef
Hallouli, K.,
Likforman-Sulem, L.,
Sigelle, M.,
A comparative study between decision fusion and data fusion in
Markovian printed character recognition,
ICPR02(III: 147-150).
IEEE DOI
0211
BibRef
Allan, J.,
Allen, T.,
Sherkat, N.,
Confident assessment of children's handwritten responses,
FHR02(508-512).
IEEE Top Reference.
0209
BibRef
And:
Automated assessment: How confident are we?,
FHR02(419-423).
IEEE Top Reference.
0209
BibRef
Allan, J.,
Allen, T.,
Sherkat, N.,
Halstead, P.,
Automated assessment: it's assessment Jim but not as we know it,
ICDAR01(926-930).
IEEE DOI
0109
BibRef
Rowley, H.A.,
Goyal, M.,
Bennett, J.,
The effect of large training set sizes on online japanese kanji and
english cursive recognizers,
FHR02(36-40).
IEEE Top Reference.
0209
BibRef
Klink, S.,
Jäger, T.,
MergeLayouts: A Comprehensive Voting of Commercial OCR Devices,
SCIA99(Pattern Recognition).
BibRef
9900
Benedetti, A.,
Kovacs-Vajna, Z.M.,
Confidence Computation Improvement in an Optical Field Reading System,
ICDAR97(836-841).
IEEE DOI
9708
BibRef
Lefevre, P.[Philippe],
Histograms to Evaluate OCR Accuracy and OCR Coupling,
SDAIR96(XX)
EDF-Direction des Etudes et Recherches.
BibRef
9600
Junker, M.,
Hoch, R.,
Evaluating OCR and Non-OCR Text Representations for
Learning Document Classifiers,
ICDAR97(1060-1066).
IEEE DOI
9708
BibRef
Grother, P.J.,
Candela, G.T.,
Comparison of Handprinted Digit Classifiers,
NISTIR5209, June 1993
HTML Version.
BibRef
9306
Phillips, I.T.,
Ha, J.,
The Implementation Methodology for a CD-Rom English Document Database,
ICDAR93(484-7).
BibRef
9300
Garris, M.D.,
Evaluating Spatial Correspondence of Zones in
Document Recognition Systems,
ICIP95(III: 304-307).
IEEE DOI
WWW Link.
9510
BibRef
Garris, M.D.,
Method and Evaluation of Character Stroke Preservation on
Handprint Recognition,
SPIE(2660), 1996, pp. 321-332.
BibRef
9600
And:
NISTIR5687, NIST, July 1995
HTML Version.
BibRef
Randriamasy, S.,
A Set-Based Benchmarking Method for Address Block Location on
Arbitrarily Complex Grey Level Images,
ICDAR95(619-622)
document/OCR
BibRef
9500
Nartker, T.A.,
Need for Information Metrics: With Examples from Document Analysis,
SPIE(2181), 1994, pp. 184-193. San Jose, California, USA.
BibRef
9400
Kanai, J.[Junichi],
Nartker, T.A.[Thomas A.],
Rice, S.V.[Stephen V.],
Nagy, G.[George],
Performance Metrics For Document Understanding Systems,
SDAIR93 1993(424-427).
University of Nevada Las Vegas
BibRef
9300
Jenkins, F.,
Kanai, J.,
Nartker, T.A.,
Using Ideal Images to Establish a Baseline of OCR Performance,
ISRITR-93-013, April 1993.
BibRef
9304
Kanai, J.[Junichi],
Liu, Y.C.[Yu-Cheng],
Rice, S.V.[Stephen V.],
Nartker, T.A.[Thomas A.],
A Preliminary Evaluation of Chinese OCR Systems,
ISRITR-94-04, April 1994.
BibRef
9404
Taghva, K.[Kazem],
Condit, A.[Allen],
Borsack, J.[Julie],
An Evaluation of an Automatic Markup System,
SPIE(2422), 1995, pp. 317-327.
HTML Version.
BibRef
9500
Taghva, K.[Kazem],
Borsack, J.[Julie],
Condit, A.[Allen],
Inaparthy, P.[Padma],
The Effects of OCR Errors on Short Documents,
ISRITR-94-10, February 1994.
BibRef
9402
Croft, W.B.,
Harding, S.,
Taghva, K.,
Borsack, J.,
An Evaluation of Information Retrieval Accuracy with
Simulated OCR Output,
SDAIR94(115-126). University of Nevada, Las Vegas
HTML Version.
BibRef
9400
Jenkins, F.,
Kanai, J.,
The Use of Synthesized Images to Evaluate the Performance of
Optical Character Recognition Devices and Algorithms,
SPIE(2181), 1994, pp. 194-203.
BibRef
9400
Chapter on OCR, Document Analysis and Character Recognition Systems continues in
Bar Code Readers, Reading .