6.4.4.2 Chain Code Representations

Freeman, H.,
On the Encoding of Arbitrary Geometric Configurations,
IRE Trans. on Electr. Comp. or TC(10), No. 2, June, 1961, pp. 260-268. BibRef 6106 CMetImAly77(247-255). Chain Codes. This paper is old enough that there were no references. Chain coding -- i.e. each pixel is a number (1-8 or for implementations 0-7) representing the direction to the next edge pixel. A curve or contour is thus a chain of directions. BibRef

Freeman, H.,
On the Classification of Line-Drawing Data,
MPSVF(408-412). 1967. BibRef 6700

Freeman, H.,
A Review of Relevant Problems in the Processing of Line-Drawing Data,
AII(155-174). 1969. BibRef 6900

Freeman, H.,
Boundary Encoding and Processing,
PPP70(241-266). BibRef 7000
And: TRNYU, February 1970. BibRef

Freeman, H.,
Computer Processing of Line Drawing Images,
Surveys(6), No. 1, March 1974, pp. 57-97.
WWW Link. Survey, Chain Code. Chain Codes, Survey. The complete basic paper for chain codes and others.
See also Comparative Analysis of Line-Drawing Modeling Schemes. BibRef 7403

Freeman, H.,
Use of Incremental Curvature for Describing and Analyzing Two-Dimensional Shape,
PRIP79(437-444). BibRef 7900

Saghri, J.A., Freeman, H.,
Analysis of the Precision of Generalized Chain Codes for the Representation of Planar Curves,
PAMI(3), No. 5, September 1981, pp. 533-539. Chain Codes, Evaluation. BibRef 8109

Freeman, H., Glass, J.M.,
On the Quantization of Line-Drawing Data,
SSC(5), No. 1, January 1969, pp. 70-79. BibRef 6901

Freeman, H., Shapira, R.,
Determining the Minimum-Area Encasing Rectangle for an Arbitrary Curve,
CACM(18), 1975, pp. 409-413. BibRef 7500

Freeman, H.[Herbert],
Boundary Encoding Revisited,
AIU96(84-91). BibRef 9600

Freeman, H.,
Analysis of Line Drawings,
DIPA77(187-209). 1977. BibRef 7700

Freeman, H.,
Application of the Generalized Chain Coding Scheme to Map Data Processing,
PRIP78(220-226). BibRef 7800

Freeman, H., Saaghri, A.,
Generalized Chain Codes for Planar Curves,
ICPR78(701-703). BibRef 7800

Freeman, H.,
Shaper Characterization by the Method of Roving Line-Segment Scanning,
PRAI-78(199). BibRef 7800

Groen, F.C.A., Verbeek, P.W.,
Freeman-Code Probabilities of Object Boundary Quantized Contours,
CGIP(7), No. 3, June 1978, pp. 391-402.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 7806

Proffitt, D., Rosen, D.,
Metrication Errors and Coding Efficiency of Chain-Encoding Schemes for the Representation of Lines and Edges,
CGIP(10), No. 4, August 1979, pp. 318-332.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 7908

Koplowitz, J.,
On the Performance of Chain Codes for Quantization of Line Drawings,
PAMI(3), No. 2, March 1981, pp. 180-185. BibRef 8103

Chakravarty, I.[Indranil],
A Single-Pass, Chain Generating Algorithm for Region Boundaries,
CGIP(15), No. 2, February 1981, pp. 182-193.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 8102

Lee, H.C., Fu, K.S.,
Using the FFT to Determine Digital Straight Line Chain Codes,
CGIP(18), No. 4, April 1982, pp. 359-368.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 8204

Wu, L.D.,
On the Chain Code of a Line,
PAMI(4), No. 3, May 1982, pp. 347-353. Detect the straightness of a line segment. The same as the above paper by Kropatsch and Tockner. BibRef 8205

Wu, L.D.[Li-De],
On the Freeman's Conjecture About the Chain Code of a Line,
ICPR80(32-34). BibRef 8000

Wu, L.D.,
Consistent Piecewise Linear Approximation,
ICPR82(840-842). BibRef 8200

Scholten, D.K., Wilson, S.G.,
Chain Coding with a Hexagonal Lattice,
PAMI(5), No. 5, September 1983, pp. 526-533. BibRef 8309

Danielsson, P.E.,
On the Efficiency of Two-Bit Link Chain-Code,
PRL(1), 1983, pp. 227-228. BibRef 8300

Xu, J., Tou, J.T.,
Predictive Searching for Chain Encoding by Computers,
CIS(11), 1982, pp. 213-229. BibRef 8200

Shoucri, R., Benesch, R., Thomas, S.,
Note on the Determination of a Digital Straight Line from Chain Codes,
CVGIP(29), No. 1, January 1985, pp. 133-139.
Elsevier DOI Average period of chain code, or second-order difference. BibRef 8501

Neuhoff, D.L., Castor, K.G.,
A Rate and Distortion Analysis of Chain Codes for Line Drawings,
IT(31), No. 1, 1985, pp. 53-67. BibRef 8500

Minami, T., Shinohara, K.,
Encoding of Line Drawings with a Multiple Grid Chain Code,
PAMI(8), No. 2, March 1986, pp. 269-276. BibRef 8603

Ali, S.M., Burge, R.E.,
A New Algorithm for Extracting the Interior of Bounded Regions Based on Chain Coding,
CVGIP(43), No. 2, August 1988, pp. 256-264.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 8808

Meer, P., Sher, C.A.[C. Allen], Rosenfeld, A.,
The Chain Pyramid: Hierarchical Contour Processing,
PAMI(12), No. 4, April 1990, pp. 363-376.
IEEE DOI BibRef 9004
And:
Processing of Line Drawings in a Hierarchical Environment,
CVPR89(638-645).
IEEE DOI Pyramid Structure. Fast parallel processing of chain codes. BibRef

Chang, L.W.[Long-Wen], Leu, K.L.[Kuen-Long],
A Fast Algorithm for the Restoration of Images Based on Chain Codes Description and Its Applications,
CVGIP(50), No. 3, June 1990, pp. 296-307.
Elsevier DOI Region filling from chain codes. BibRef 9006

Koplowitz, J., Raj, A.P.S.,
A Robust Filtering Algorithm for Subpixel Reconstruction of Chain Coded Line Drawings,
PAMI(9), No. 3, May 1987, pp. 451-457. BibRef 8705

Sriraman, R., Koplowitz, J., Mohan, S.,
Tree Searched Chain Coding for Subpixel Reconstruction of Planar Curves,
PAMI(11), No. 1, January 1989, pp. 95-104.
IEEE DOI BibRef 8901

Wong, P.W., Koplowitz, J.,
Chain Codes and Their Linear Reconstruction Filters,
IT(38), 1992, pp. 268-280. BibRef 9200

O'Gorman, L.,
Primitives Chain Code,
CVIP92(167-183). BibRef 9200

Lu, C.C., Dunham, J.G.,
Highly Efficient Coding Schemes for Contour Lines Based on Chain Code Representations,
Commun(39), No. 10, October 1991, pp. 1511-1514. BibRef 9110

Shih, F.Y., Wong, W.T.,
An Improved Fast Algorithm for the Restoration of Images Based on Chain Codes Description,
GMIP(56), No. 4, July 1994, pp. 348-351. BibRef 9407

Kiryati, N.[Nahum], Kübler, O.[Olaf],
Chain Code Probabilities and Optimal Length Estimators for Digitized 3-Dimensional Curves,
PR(28), No. 3, March 1995, pp. 361-372.
Elsevier DOI BibRef 9503
Earlier:
On Chain Code Probabilities and Length Estimators for Digitized Three Dimensional Curves,
ICPR92(I:259-262).
IEEE DOI BibRef

van de Wetering, H., van Overveld, K.,
Chain Codes and Their Application in Curve Design,
GMIP(58), No. 5, September 1996, pp. 464-470. 9611
BibRef

Lindenbaum, M.,
Compression of Chain Codes Using Digital Straight Line Sequences,
PRL(7), 1988, pp. 167-171. BibRef 8800

Sundar Raj, P.A., Koplowitz, J.,
On Bit Reduction of Chain Coded Line Drawings,
PRL(4), 1986, pp. 99-102. BibRef 8600

Kaneko, T., Okudaira, M.,
Encoding of Arbitrary Curves Based on the Chain Code Representation,
Commun(33), 1985, pp. 697-707. BibRef 8500

Wilson, G.R.,
Properties of Contour Codes,
VISP(144), No. 3, June 1997, pp. 145-149. 9708
BibRef

Zingaretti, P.[Primo], Gasparroni, M.[Massimiliano], Vecci, L.[Lorenzo],
Fast Chain Coding of Region Boundaries,
PAMI(20), No. 4, April 1998, pp. 407-415.
IEEE DOI 9806
Code, Chain Code. Single pass algorithm to convert from raster to chain codes. Detailed code in the paper. BibRef

Zabinsky, S.I.[Steven Ira],
Simplified chain encoding,
US_Patent5,995,670, Nov 30, 1999
WWW Link. BibRef 9911

Bribiesca, E.[Ernesto],
A new chain code,
PR(32), No. 2, February 1999, pp. 235-251.
Elsevier DOI Vertex chain code. BibRef 9902

Bribiesca, E.[Ernesto],
A chain code for representing 3D curves,
PR(33), No. 5, May 2000, pp. 755-765.
Elsevier DOI 0003
BibRef

Bribiesca, E.[Ernesto],
A method for representing 3D tree objects using chain coding,
JVCIR(19), No. 3, April 2008, pp. 184-198.
Elsevier DOI 0803
3D tree objects; 3D tree structures; Unique tree descriptor; 3D discrete branches; Chain coding; 3D tree representation BibRef

Bribiesca, E.[Ernesto],
A measure of tortuosity based on chain coding,
PR(46), No. 3, March 2013, pp. 716-724.
Elsevier DOI 1212
Measure of tortuosity; Slope chain code; Chain coding; Curves; Retinal blood vessels BibRef

Nunes, P.[Paulo], Marqués, F.[Ferran], Pereira, F.[Fernando], Gasull, A.[Antoni],
A contour-based approach to binary shape coding using a multiple grid chain code,
SP:IC(15), No. 7-8, May 2000, pp. 585-599.
Elsevier DOI 0005
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A3, A2, Only:
Multi-Grid Chain Coding of Binary Shapes,
ICIP97(III: 114-117).
IEEE DOI BibRef
Earlier: A2, A4, Only:
Partition coding using multigrid chain code and motion compensation,
ICIP96(II: 935-938).
IEEE DOI 9610
BibRef

Chen, Z., Chen, I.P.,
A simple recursive method for converting a chain code into a quadtree with a lookup table,
IVC(19), No. 7, May 2001, pp. 413-426.
Elsevier DOI 0104
BibRef

Andrieux, J., Seni, G.,
Coding efficiency of multi-ring and single-ring differential chain coding for telewriting application,
VISP(148), No. 4, August 2001, pp. 241-247. 0201
BibRef

Liu, Y.K.[Yong Kui], Zalik, B.[Borut],
An efficient chain code with Huffman coding,
PR(38), No. 4, April 2005, pp. 553-557.
Elsevier DOI 0501
BibRef

Salem, A.B.M.[Abdel-Badeeh M.], Sewisy, A.A.[Adel A.], Elyan, U.A.[Usama A.],
A Vertex Chain Code Approach for Image Recognition,
GVIP(05), No. V3, 2005, pp. xx-yy
HTML Version. BibRef 0500

Wagenknecht, G.,
A contour tracing and coding algorithm for generating 2D contour codes from 3D classified objects,
PR(40), No. 4, April 2007, pp. 1294-1306.
Elsevier DOI 0701
Image classification; Contour tracing; Contour coding; Chain code; Crack code BibRef

Sanchez-Cruz, H.[Hermilo], Bribiesca, E.[Ernesto], Rodriguez-Dagnino, R.M.[Ramon M.],
Efficiency of chain codes to represent binary objects,
PR(40), No. 6, June 2007, pp. 1660-1674.
Elsevier DOI 0704
Chain coding; Shapes; Bi-level images; Huffman algorithm; Entropy BibRef

Chain Code Representation,
2007.
WWW Link. Code, Chain Code. Code, Chain Code, C.

Liu, Y.K.[Yong Kui], Wei, W.[Wei], Wang, P.J.[Peng Jie], Zalik, B.[Borut],
Compressed vertex chain codes,
PR(40), No. 11, November 2007, pp. 2908-2913.
Elsevier DOI 0707
Chain code; Contour representation; Compression; Huffman code BibRef

Park, H.C.[Hee-Chan], Martin, G.R.[Graham R.], Yu, A.C.[Andy C.],
Compact representation of contours using directional grid chain code,
SP:IC(23), No. 2, February 2008, pp. 87-100.
Elsevier DOI 0802
Chain code; Contour coding; Shape coding; Object-based representation BibRef

Sanchez-Cruz, H.[Hermilo],
Proposing a new code by considering pieces of discrete straight lines in contour shapes,
JVCIR(21), No. 4, May 2010, pp. 311-324.
Elsevier DOI 1006
Entropy; Discrete straight lines; Freeman chain codes; Huffman algorithm; Shapes; Vertex chain codes; Three orthogonal directions; Rotation transformations BibRef

Globacnik, T.[Timotej], Zalik, B.[Borut],
An efficient raster font compression for embedded systems,
PR(43), No. 12, December 2010, pp. 4137-4147.
Elsevier DOI 1003
Raster fonts; Raster font compression; Chain codes; Chain code compression; Embedded systems BibRef

Sánchez-Cruz, H.[Hermilo], López-Valdez, H.H.[Hiram H.], Cuevas, F.J.[Francisco J.],
A new relative chain code in 3D,
PR(47), No. 2, 2014, pp. 769-788.
Elsevier DOI 1311
3D chain code BibRef

Žalik, B.[Borut], Mongus, D.[Domen], Lukac, N.[Niko],
A universal chain code compression method,
JVCIR(29), No. 1, 2015, pp. 8-15.
Elsevier DOI 1504
Image processing BibRef

Žalik, B.[Borut], Mongus, D.[Domen], Liu, Y.K.[Yong-Kui], Lukac, N.[Niko],
Unsigned Manhattan chain code,
JVCIR(38), No. 1, 2016, pp. 186-194.
Elsevier DOI 1605
Boundary of the rasterised shape BibRef

Bribiesca, E.[Ernesto], Bribiesca-Contreras, F.[Fernanda], Carrillo-Bermejo, Á.[Ángel], Bribiesca-Correa, G.[Graciela], Hevia-Montiel, N.[Nidiyare],
A chain code for representing high definition contour shapes,
JVCIR(61), 2019, pp. 93-104.
Elsevier DOI 1906
Slope chain code, Extended slope chain code, High definition contour shapes, Reconfigurable chain code, Bird wings BibRef

Žalik, B.[Borut], Mongus, D.[Domen], Žalik, K.R.[Krista Rizman], Podgorelec, D.[David], Lukac, N.[Niko],
Lossless chain code compression with an improved Binary Adaptive Sequential Coding of zero-runs,
JVCIR(75), 2021, pp. 103050.
Elsevier DOI 2103
Lossless data compression, Run-Length Encoding, Integer coding, Golomb coding BibRef

Chen, Z., Chen, I.P.[I-Pin],
Recursive Conversion of Chain Code into Quadtree with Table Lookup,
ICPR00(Vol II: 1054-1057).
IEEE DOI 0009
BibRef

Lerman, J.S., Kulkarni, S.R., Koplowitz, J.,
Multiresolution chain coding of contours,
ICIP94(II: 615-619).
IEEE DOI 9411
BibRef

Chapter on Edge Detection and Analysis, Lines, Segments, Curves, Corners, Hough Transform continues in
General Contour Representations .