16.7.1.1 Surveillance Systems, Privacy Protection, Issues, Techniques, Face Obscuration

Behavioral Recognition Systems, Inc.,
2012. BRS Labs.
WWW Link. Vendor, Surveillance. Realtime surveillance alerts.

Berger, A.M.[Andres M.],
Privacy mode for acquisition cameras and camcorders,
US_Patent6,067,399, May 23, 2000
WWW Link. BibRef 0005

Cucchiara, R.[Rita], Prati, A.[Andrea], Vezzani, R.[Roberto],
A system for automatic face obscuration for privacy purposes,
PRL(27), No. 15, November 2006, pp. 1809-1815.
Elsevier DOI 0609
Consistent labelling; People tracking; Face detection; Multi-camera tracking BibRef

Cavallaro, A.,
Privacy in video surveillance,
SPMag(24), No. 2, March 2007, pp. 168-169
IEEE DOI BibRef 0703

Senior, A.W.[Andrew W.],
Protecting Privacy in Video Surveillance,
Springer2009, ISBN: 978-1-84882-300-6.
WWW Link. Survey, Biometrics. Overview of surveillance, issues of privacy. Buy this book: Protecting Privacy in Video Surveillance BibRef 0900

Senior, A.W.[Andrew W.],
Privacy enablement in a surveillance system,
ICIP08(1680-1683).
IEEE DOI 0810
BibRef

Moncrieff, S.[Simon], Venkatesh, S.[Svetha], West, G.A.W.[Geoff A.W.],
Dynamic Privacy in Public Surveillance,
Computer(42), No. 9, September 2009, pp. 22-28.
IEEE DOI 0909
BibRef
Earlier:
Context aware privacy in visual surveillance,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI 0812
Issues of privacy in surveillance. BibRef

Martin, K.[Karl], Plataniotis, K.N.[Konstantinos N.],
Privacy Protected Surveillance Using Secure Visual Object Coding,
CirSysVideo(18), No. 8, August 2008, pp. 1152-1162.
IEEE DOI 0809
BibRef
And:
Coding and encryption of visual objects for privacy protected surveillance,
ICIP08(1360-1363).
IEEE DOI 0810
BibRef

DuFaux, F.[Frederic], Ebrahimi, T.[Touradj],
Scrambling for Privacy Protection in Video Surveillance Systems,
CirSysVideo(18), No. 8, August 2008, pp. 1168-1174.
IEEE DOI 0809
BibRef
And:
H.264/AVC video scrambling for privacy protection,
ICIP08(1688-1691).
IEEE DOI 0810
BibRef

DuFaux, F.[Frederic],
Video scrambling for privacy protection in video surveillance: Recent results and validation framework,
SPIE(8063), 2011.
DOI Link BibRef 1100

DuFaux, F.[Frederic],
Privacy-enabling technologies in video surveillance,
SPIE(Newsroom), May 10, 2011.
DOI Link 1105
We define a framework that demonstrates how video scrambling techniques can effectively foil facial recognition. BibRef

Serpanos, D.N., Papalambrou, A.,
Security and Privacy in Distributed Smart Cameras,
PIEEE(96), No. 10, October 2008, pp. 1678-1687.
IEEE DOI 0811
BibRef

Widen, W.H.,
Smart Cameras and the Right to Privacy,
PIEEE(96), No. 10, October 2008, pp. 1688-1697.
IEEE DOI 0811
BibRef

Xie, H., Kulik, L., Tanin, E.,
Privacy-Aware Traffic Monitoring,
ITS(11), No. 1, March 2010, pp. 61-70.
IEEE DOI 1003
For vehicle tracking, but the same legal issues. BibRef

Wang, Y., Plataniotis, K.N.[Konstantinos N.],
An Analysis of Random Projection for Changeable and Privacy-Preserving Biometric Verification,
SMC-B(40), No. 5, October 2010, pp. 1280-1293.
IEEE DOI 1003
BibRef

Sohn, H., de Neve, W., Ro, Y.M.,
Privacy Protection in Video Surveillance Systems: Analysis of Subband-Adaptive Scrambling in JPEG XR,
CirSysVideo(21), No. 2, February 2011, pp. 170-177.
IEEE DOI 1103
BibRef

Chow, C.Y.[Chi-Yin], Mokbel, M.F.[Mohamed F.], Liu, X.[Xuan],
Spatial cloaking for anonymous location-based services in mobile peer-to-peer environments,
GeoInfo(15), No. 2, April 2011, pp. 351-380.
WWW Link. 1103
Privacy issues when user must provide exact location information. BibRef

Chow, C.Y.[Chi-Yin], Mokbel, M.F.[Mohamed F.], Bao, J.[Jie], Liu, X.[Xuan],
Query-aware location anonymization for road networks,
GeoInfo(15), No. 3, July 2011, pp. 571-607.
WWW Link. 1106
BibRef

Dai, F.[Feng], Tong, L.L.[Ling-Ling], Zhang, Y.D.[Yong-Dong], Li, J.T.[Jin-Tao],
Restricted H.264/AVC video coding for privacy protected video scrambling,
JVCIR(22), No. 6, August 2011, pp. 479-490.
Elsevier DOI 1108
BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1, A3, A4:
Restricted H.264/AVC video coding for privacy region scrambling,
ICIP10(2089-2092).
IEEE DOI 1009
Coding efficiency; Drift error; H.264/AVC; Privacy protection; Restricted video coding; Security; Video surveillance; Video scrambling BibRef

Tong, L.L.[Ling-Ling], Dai, F.[Feng], Zhang, Y.D.[Yong-Dong], Li, J.T.[Jin-Tao], Zhang, D.M.[Dong-Ming],
Compressive sensing based video scrambling for privacy protection,
VCIP11(1-4).
IEEE DOI 1201
BibRef

Held, C.[Cornelius], Krumm, J.[Julia], Markel, P.[Petra], Schenke, R.P.[Ralf P.],
Intelligent Video Surveillance,
Computer(45), No. 3, March 2012, pp. 83-84.
IEEE DOI 1203
Privacy implications, general discussion. BibRef

Cobb, W.[Wesley],
Smart Software Secures Surveillance Systems,
VisSys(17), No. 9, September 2012, pp. 29-34. 1209
Report on system for transit system from See also Behavioral Recognition Systems, Inc.. BibRef

Tomioka, Y.[Yoichi], Murakami, H.[Hikaru], Kitazawa, H.[Hitoshi],
Sunshine-Change-Tolerant Moving Object Masking for Realizing both Privacy Protection and Video Surveillance,
IEICE(E97-D), No. 9, September 2014, pp. 2483-2492.
WWW Link. 1410
BibRef

Wang, Y.S.[Yong-Sheng], O'Neill, M.[Máire], Kurugollu, F.[Fatih], O'Sullivan, E.[Elizabeth],
Privacy region protection for H.264/AVC with enhanced scrambling effect and a low bitrate overhead,
SP:IC(35), No. 1, 2015, pp. 71-84.
Elsevier DOI 1506
Privacy region protection BibRef

Nakashima, Y.[Yuta], Babaguchi, N.[Noboru], Fan, J.P.[Jian-Ping],
Privacy Protection for Social Video via Background Estimation and CRF-Based Videographer's Intention Modeling,
IEICE(E99-D), No. 4, April 2016, pp. 1221-1233.
WWW Link. 1604
BibRef

Zuo, H.Q.[Hai-Qiang], Lang, H.T.[Hai-Tao], Blasch, E.[Erik], Ling, H.B.[Hai-Bin],
Covert photo classification by deep convolutional neural networks,
MVA(28), No. 5-6, August 2017, pp. 623-634.
Springer DOI 1708
Privacy issues for pervasive image sources. BibRef

Li, Y., Jeong, Y.S., Shin, B.S., Park, J.H.,
Crowdsensing Multimedia Data: Security and Privacy Issues,
MultMedMag(24), No. 4, October 2017, pp. 58-66.
IEEE DOI 1712
Accelerometers, Computer crime, Computer security, Data privacy, Global Positioning System, Multimedia communication, Privacy, security and privacy issues BibRef

Zhao, D.P.[Da-Peng], Jin, Y.Y.[Yuan-Yuan], Zhang, K.[Kai], Wang, X.L.[Xiao-Ling], Hung, P.C.K.[Patrick C. K.], Ji, W.D.[Wen-Di],
EPLA: efficient personal location anonymity,
GeoInfo(22), No. 1, January 2018, pp. 29-47.
Springer DOI 1802
BibRef

Hasan, A.S.M.T.[A. S. M. Touhidul], Qu, Q.A.[Qi-Ang], Li, C.M.[Cheng-Ming], Chen, L.[Lifei], Jiang, Q.S.[Qing-Shan],
An Effective Privacy Architecture to Preserve User Trajectories in Reward-Based LBS Applications,
IJGI(7), No. 2, 2018, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 1802
BibRef

Huang, H.S.[Hao-Sheng], Gartner, G.[Georg],
Current Trends and Challenges in Location-Based Services,
IJGI(7), No. 6, 2018, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 1806
BibRef

Georgiadou, Y.[Yola], de By, R.A.[Rolf A.], Kounadi, O.[Ourania],
Location Privacy in the Wake of the GDPR,
IJGI(8), No. 3, 2019, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 1903
BibRef

Du, L.[Ling], Zhang, W.[Wei], Fu, H.[Huazhu], Ren, W.[Wenqi], Zhang, X.[Xinpeng],
An efficient privacy protection scheme for data security in video surveillance,
JVCIR(59), 2019, pp. 347-362.
Elsevier DOI 1903
Privacy protection, Data security, Video surveillance BibRef

Wang, M., Xu, C., Chen, X., Hao, H., Zhong, L., Yu, S.,
Differential Privacy Oriented Distributed Online Learning for Mobile Social Video Prefetching,
MultMed(21), No. 3, March 2019, pp. 636-651.
IEEE DOI 1903
cache storage, convex programming, data analysis, data privacy, distributed algorithms, learning (artificial intelligence), distributed online learning BibRef

Xu, L.[Lei], Bao, T.[Ting], Zhu, L.H.[Lie-Huang], Zhang, Y.[Yan],
Trust-Based Privacy-Preserving Photo Sharing in Online Social Networks,
MultMed(21), No. 3, March 2019, pp. 591-602.
IEEE DOI 1903
data privacy, social networking (online), trusted computing, trust-based privacy-preserving photo sharing, online social networks BibRef

Berghel, H.,
Vehicle Telematics: The Good, Bad and Ugly,
Computer(52), No. 1, January 2019, pp. 66-70.
IEEE DOI 1903
Telematics, Internet of Things, Privacy, Intelligent vehicles, Sensors, Computer security, Navigation BibRef

Rinner, B.,
Can We Trust Smart Cameras?,
Computer(52), No. 5, May 2019, pp. 67-70.
IEEE DOI 1906
Smart cameras, Security, Visualization, Complexity theory, Monitoring, Videos BibRef

Feigenbaum, J.[Joan],
Encryption and Surveillance,
CACM(62), No. 5, May 2019, pp. 27-29.
DOI Link 1906
BibRef

Koelle, M., Rose, E., Boll, S.,
Ubiquitous Intelligent Cameras: Between Legal Nightmare and Social Empowerment,
MultMedMag(26), No. 2, April 2019, pp. 76-86.
IEEE DOI 1906
Cameras, Law, Privacy, Photography, Data privacy, Art BibRef

Ma, C., Yan, Z., Chen, C.W.,
SSPA-LBS: Scalable and Social-Friendly Privacy-Aware Location-Based Services,
MultMed(21), No. 8, August 2019, pp. 2146-2156.
IEEE DOI 1908
cryptography, data privacy, mobile computing, SSPA-LBS, social-friendly privacy-aware location-based services, scalable media format BibRef

Sun, Q.[Qianru], Tewari, A.[Ayush], Xu, W.[Weipeng], Fritz, M.[Mario], Theobalt, C.[Christian], Schiele, B.[Bernt],
A Hybrid Model for Identity Obfuscation by Face Replacement,
ECCV18(I: 570-586).
Springer DOI 1810
BibRef

Ren, Z.Z.[Zhong-Zheng], Lee, Y.J.[Yong Jae], Ryoo, M.S.[Michael S.],
Learning to Anonymize Faces for Privacy Preserving Action Detection,
ECCV18(I: 639-655).
Springer DOI 1810
BibRef

Shi, W., Liu, H., Meng, F., Huang, W.,
Instance Enhancing Loss: Deep Identity-Sensitive Feature Embedding for Person Search,
ICIP18(4108-4112)
IEEE DOI 1809
Training, IEL, Table lookup, Feature extraction, Proposals, Testing, Surveillance, Person Search, Feature Embedding, Loss Function BibRef

Ma, X., Peng, H., Jin, H., Zhu, B.,
Privacy-Preserving Cloud-Based Video Surveillance with Adjustable Granularity of Privacy Protection,
ICIP18(4133-4137)
IEEE DOI 1809
Trajectory, Motion detection, Tracking, Video surveillance, Privacy-preserving object tracking, video encryption BibRef

Brell, T.[Teresa], Philipsen, R.[Ralf], Ziefle, M.[Martina],
Privacy Pirates - The Key Role of User Diversity in V2X-Technology,
DHM18(255-267).
Springer DOI 1807
BibRef

Brkic, K., Sikiric, I., Hrkac, T., Kalafatic, Z.,
I Know That Person: Generative Full Body and Face De-identification of People in Images,
PRIV17(1319-1328)
IEEE DOI 1709
Biological system modeling, Clothing, Face, Face recognition, Generators, Image segmentation BibRef

Li, Y., Vishwamitra, N., Knijnenburg, B.P., Hu, H., Caine, K.,
Blur vs. Block: Investigating the Effectiveness of Privacy-Enhancing Obfuscation for Images,
PRIV17(1343-1351)
IEEE DOI 1709
Computer security, Computer vision, Data mining, Neural networks, Privacy, Stakeholders, Videos BibRef

Ruchaud, N., Dugelay, J.L.,
ASePPI: Robust Privacy Protection Against De-Anonymization Attacks,
PRIV17(1352-1359)
IEEE DOI 1709
Cameras, Discrete cosine transforms, Encryption, Image coding, Privacy, Robustness BibRef

Chen, A.T.Y., Biglari-Abhari, M., Wang, K.I.K.,
Trusting the Computer in Computer Vision: A Privacy-Affirming Framework,
PRIV17(1360-1367)
IEEE DOI 1709
Cameras, Computer vision, Data privacy, Privacy, Surveillance BibRef

Skirpan, M., Yeh, T.,
Designing a Moral Compass for the Future of Computer Vision Using Speculative Analysis,
PRIV17(1368-1377)
IEEE DOI 1709
Cameras, Computer vision, Ethics, Market research, Monitoring, Privacy, Security BibRef

Cote, M., Albu, A.B.,
Teaching Computer Vision and Its Societal Effects: A Look at Privacy and Security Issues from the Students' Perspective,
PRIV17(1378-1386)
IEEE DOI 1709
Computer vision, Cultural differences, Engineering students, Ethics, Privacy, Security BibRef

Das, A., Degeling, M., Wang, X., Wang, J., Sadeh, N., Satyanarayanan, M.,
Assisting Users in a World Full of Cameras: A Privacy-Aware Infrastructure for Computer Vision Applications,
PRIV17(1387-1396)
IEEE DOI 1709
Cameras, Computer vision, Data privacy, Face recognition, Guidelines, Privacy, Streaming, media BibRef

Baragchizadeh, A., Karnowski, T.P., Bolme, D.S., O'Toole, A.J.,
Evaluation of Automated Identity Masking Method (AIM) in Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS),
FG17(378-385)
IEEE DOI 1707
Algorithm design and analysis, Face, Face recognition, Image edge detection, Mirrors, Vehicles BibRef

Alonso-Pérez, V., Enríqurez-Caldera, R., Ramírez-Cortes, J.M., Sucar, L.E.,
A foveation technique applied to face de-identification,
ICPR16(4268-4273)
IEEE DOI 1705
Face, Face recognition, Image quality, Privacy, Radio frequency, Spatial resolution, Video, surveillance BibRef

Du, L.[Liang], Lang, H.T.[Hai-Tao], Tian, Y.L.[Ying-Li], Tan, C.C.[Chiu C.], Wu, J.[Jie], Ling, H.B.[Hai-Bin],
Covert Video Classification by Codebook Growing Pattern,
MoveSurveillance16(1418-1425)
IEEE DOI 1612
BibRef

Sarwar, O., Rinner, B., Cavallaro, A.,
Design space exploration for adaptive privacy protection in airborne images,
AVSS16(159-165)
IEEE DOI 1611
Cameras BibRef

Roeper, D., Chen, J., Konrad, J., Ishwar, P.,
Privacy-preserving, indoor occupant localization using a network of single-pixel sensors,
AVSS16(214-220)
IEEE DOI 1611
Cameras BibRef

Sila-Nowicka, K., Thakuriah, P.,
The Trade-off Between Privacy And Geographic Data Resolution. A Case Of GPS Trajectories Combined With The Social Survey Results,
ISPRS16(B2: 535-542).
DOI Link 1610
BibRef

Xu, W.[Wanxin], Cheung, S.C.S.[Sen-Ching Samson], Soares, N.[Neelkamal],
Affect-preserving privacy protection of video,
ICIP15(158-162)
IEEE DOI 1512
Visual privacy protection BibRef

Bonetto, M.[Margherita], Korshunov, P.[Pavel], Ramponi, G.[Giovanni], Ebrahimi, T.[Touradj],
Privacy in mini-drone based video surveillance,
ICIP15(2464-2469)
IEEE DOI 1512
Mini-drones BibRef

Nawaz, T.[Tahir], Ferryman, J.M.[James M.],
An annotation-free method for evaluating privacy protection techniques in videos,
AVSS15(1-6)
IEEE DOI 1511
Blanking BibRef

Birnstill, P.[Pascal], Ren, D.[Daoyuan], Beyerer, J.[Jurgen],
A user study on anonymization techniques for smart video surveillance,
AVSS15(1-6)
IEEE DOI 1511
Color BibRef

Dai, J.[Ji], Saghafi, B.[Behrouz], Wu, J.[Jonathan], Konrad, J.[Janusz], Ishwar, P.[Prakash],
Towards privacy-preserving recognition of human activities,
ICIP15(4238-4242)
IEEE DOI 1512
BibRef
And: A1, A3, A2, A4, A5:
Towards privacy-preserving activity recognition using extremely low temporal and spatial resolution cameras,
AMFG15(68-76)
IEEE DOI 1510
Action recognition; privacy-preserving; very low resolution. Avatars BibRef

Chandramouli, K., Fernandez Arguedas, V., Izquierdo, E.[Ebroul],
Knowledge modeling for privacy-by-design in smart surveillance solution,
AVSS13(171-176)
IEEE DOI 1311
ontologies (artificial intelligence) BibRef

Korshunov, P., Ebrahimi, T.,
Using face morphing to protect privacy,
AVSS13(208-213)
IEEE DOI 1311
data privacy BibRef

Birnstill, P.[Pascal], Pretschner, A.[Alexander],
Enforcing privacy through usage-controlled video surveillance,
AVSS13(318-323)
IEEE DOI 1311
Cameras BibRef

O'Gorman, L.[Lawrence],
Video privacy filters with tolerance to segmentation errors for video conferencing and surveillance,
ICPR12(1835-1838).
WWW Link. 1302
BibRef

Cichowski, J.[Janusz], Czyzewski, A.[Andrzej], Kostek, B.[Bozena],
Visual Data Encryption for Privacy Enhancement in Surveillance Systems,
ACIVS13(13-24).
Springer DOI 1311
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, Only:
Reversible video stream anonymization for video surveillance systems based on pixels relocation and watermarking,
VS11(1971-1977).
IEEE DOI 1201
BibRef

Kurzdorfer, U.[Udo],
Abstract of PRIMA-S for AVSS-Demo 2011,
AVSBS11(516).
IEEE DOI 1111
AVSS2011 demo session Privacy in surveillance videos for public areas. BibRef

Vagts, H., Bauer, A.,
Privacy-Aware Object Representation for Surveillance Systems,
AVSS10(601-608).
IEEE DOI 1009
BibRef

Moskovich, B.[Boaz], Osadchy, M.[Margarita],
Illumination invariant representation for privacy preserving face identification,
Biometrics10(154-161).
IEEE DOI 1006
BibRef

Upmanyu, M.[Maneesh], Namboodiri, A.M.[Anoop M.], Srinathan, K.[Kannan], Jawahar, C.V.,
Efficient privacy preserving video surveillance,
ICCV09(1639-1646).
IEEE DOI 0909
BibRef

Qureshi, F.Z.[Faisal Z.],
Object-Video Streams for Preserving Privacy in Video Surveillance,
AVSBS09(442-447).
IEEE DOI 0909
BibRef

Frome, A.[Andrea], Cheung, G.[German], Abdulkader, A.[Ahmad], Zennaro, M.[Marco], Wu, B.[Bo], Bissacco, A.[Alessandro], Adam, H.[Hartwig], Neven, H.[Hartmut], Vincent, L.[Luc],
Large-scale privacy protection in Google Street View,
ICCV09(2373-2380).
IEEE DOI 0909
License Plate Recognition. Automatically detect and blur faces and license plates. BibRef

Devaux, A.[Alexandre], Paparoditis, N.[Nicolas], Precioso, F.[Frédéric], Cannelle, B.[Bertrand],
Face Blurring for Privacy in Street-level Geoviewers Combining Face, Body and Skin Detectors,
MVA09(86-).
PDF File. 0905
BibRef

Gross, R.[Ralph], Sweeney, L.[Latanya], de la Torre, F.[Fernando], Baker, S.[Simon],
Semi-supervised learning of multi-factor models for face de-identification,
CVPR08(1-8).
IEEE DOI 0806
BibRef
Earlier:
Model-Based Face De-Identification,
PRIV06(161).
IEEE DOI 0609
BibRef
And: A1, A2, Only:
Towards Real-World Face De-Identification,
BTAS07(1-8).
IEEE DOI 0709
Obscure who it really is. BibRef

Newton, E.M.[Elaine M.], Sweeney, L.[Latanya], Malin, B.[Bradley],
Preserving Privacy by De-identifying Facial Images,
CMU-CS-TRCMU-CS-03-119, March 2003.
HTML Version. 0306
BibRef

Yu, X.Y.[Xiao-Yi], Chinomi, K.[Kenta], Koshimizu, T.[Takashi], Nitta, N.[Naoko], Ito, Y.[Yoshimichi], Babaguchi, N.[Noboru],
Privacy protecting visual processing for secure video surveillance,
ICIP08(1672-1675).
IEEE DOI 0810
BibRef

Cheung, S.C.S.[Sen-Ching S.], Paruchuri, J.K.[Jithendra K.], Nguyen, T.P.[Thinh P.],
Managing privacy data in pervasive camera networks,
ICIP08(1676-1679).
IEEE DOI 0810
BibRef

Avidan, S.[Shai], Elbaz, A.[Ariel], Malkin, T.[Tal],
Privacy Preserving Pattern Classification,
ICIP08(1684-1687).
IEEE DOI 0810
BibRef

Chan, A.B.[Antoni B.], Liang, Z.S.J.[Zhang-Sheng John], Vasconcelos, N.M.[Nuno M.],
Privacy preserving crowd monitoring: Counting people without people models or tracking,
CVPR08(1-7).
IEEE DOI 0806
BibRef

Yu, X.Y.[Xiao-Yi], Babaguchi, N.[Noboru],
Privacy Preserving: Hiding a Face in a Face,
ACCV07(II: 651-661).
Springer DOI 0711
Modify the faces so they are not recongizable, but the rest of the surveillance data remains. BibRef

Phillips, P.J.[P. Jonathon],
Privacy Operating Characteristic for Privacy Protection in Surveillance Applications,
AVBPA05(869).
Springer DOI 0509
BibRef

Zhang, W.[Wei], Cheung, S.C.S.[Sen-Ching S.], Chen, M.H.[Ming-Hua],
Hiding Privacy Information in Video Surveillance System,
ICIP05(III: 868-871).
IEEE DOI 0512
BibRef

Kitahara, I., Kogure, K., Hagita, N.,
Stealth vision for protecting privacy,
ICPR04(IV: 404-407).
IEEE DOI 0409
BibRef

Chapter on Motion -- Feature-Based, Long Range, Motion and Structure Estimates, Tracking, Surveillance, Activities continues in
Evaluation, Surveillance Systems .