21.2.10.1 Skin Color Models

McKenna, S.J.[Stephen J.], Gong, S.G.[Shao-Gang], Raja, Y.[Yogesh],
Modelling facial colour and identity with Gaussian mixtures,
PR(31), No. 12, December 1998, pp. 1883-1892.
WWW Version. See also Tracking colour objects using adaptive mixture models. BibRef 9812

Chai, D., Ngan, K.N.,
Face Segmentation Using Skin-Color Map in Videophone Applications,
CirSysVideo(9), No. 4, June 1999, pp. 551.
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9906
Earlier:
Locating Facial Region of a Head-and-Shoulders Color Image,
AFGR98(124-129).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. BibRef

Tsumura, N.[Norimichi], Haneishi, H.[Hideaki], Miyake, Y.[Yoichi],
Independent-component analysis of skin color image,
JOSA-A(16), No. 9, September 1999, pp. 2169-2176. BibRef 9909

Bergasa, L.M., Mazo, M., Gardel, A., Sotelo, M.A., Boquete, L.,
Unsupervised and adaptive Gaussian skin-color model,
IVC(18), No. 12, September 2000, pp. 987-1003.
WWW Version. 0008 BibRef

Cho, K.M.[Kyung-Min], Jang, J.H.[Jeong-Hun], Hong, K.S.[Ki-Sang],
Adaptive skin-color filter,
PR(34), No. 5, May 2001, pp. 1067-1073.
WWW Version. 0102 BibRef

Greenspan, H.[Hayit], Goldberger, J.[Jacob], Eshet, I.[Itay],
Mixture model for face-color modeling and segmentation,
PRL(22), No. 14, December 2001, pp. 1525-1536.
HTML Version. 0110 BibRef

Jones, M.J.[Michael J.], Rehg, J.M.[James M.],
Statistical Color Models with Application to Skin Detection,
IJCV(46), No. 1, January 2002, pp. 81-96.
WWW Version. 0201 BibRef
Earlier: CVPR99(I: 274-280).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef

Soriano, M.[Maricor], Martinkauppi, B.[Brigitta], Huovinen, S.[Sami], Laaksonen, M.[Mika],
Adaptive skin color modeling using the skin locus for selecting training pixels,
PR(36), No. 3, March 2003, pp. 681-690.
WWW Version. 0301 BibRef

Caetano, T.S.[Tibério S.], Olabarriaga, S.D.[Sílvia D.], Barone, D.A.C.[Dante A. C.],
Do mixture models in chromaticity space improve skin detection?,
PR(36), No. 12, December 2003, pp. 3019-3021.
WWW Version. 0310 BibRef

Caetano, T.S., Barone, D.A.C.,
A probabilistic model for the human skin color,
CIAP01(279-283).
IEEE Top Reference. 0210 BibRef

Preece, S.J.[Stephen J.], Claridge, E.[Ela],
Spectral Filter Optimization for the Recovery of Parameters which Describe Human Skin,
PAMI(26), No. 7, July 2004, pp. 913-922.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0406Skin color to find anomolies. BibRef

Gasparini, F.[Francesca], Corchs, S.[Silvia], Schettini, R.[Raimondo],
A recall or precision oriented skin classifier using binary combining strategies,
PR(38), No. 11, November 2005, pp. 2204-2207.
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Jedynak, B.[Bruno], Zheng, H.C.[Hui-Cheng], Daoudi, M.[Mohamed],
Skin detection using pairwise models,
IVC(23), No. 13, 29 November 2005, pp. 1122-1130.
WWW Version. 0512 BibRef
Earlier: A2, A3, A1:
From Maximum Entropy to Belief Propagation: An application to Skin Detection,
BMVC04(xx-yy).
HTML Version. 0508 BibRef

Kakumanu, P., Makrogiannis, S., Bourbakis, N.,
A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods,
PR(40), No. 3, March 2007, pp. 1106-1122.
WWW Version. 0611 Survey, Color Models. Skin-color modeling; Skin detection; Color spaces and color constancy BibRef

Lee, J.S.[Jiann-Shu], Kuo, Y.M.[Yung-Ming], Chung, P.C.[Pau-Choo], Chen, E.L.[E-Liang],
Naked image detection based on adaptive and extensible skin color model,
PR(40), No. 8, August 2007, pp. 2261-2270.
WWW Version. 0704Skin detection; Naked image detection; Adult images; Chromatic distribution-matching scheme BibRef

Li, B.[Bin], Xue, X.Y.[Xiang-Yang], Fan, J.P.[Jian-Ping],
A robust incremental learning framework for accurate skin region segmentation in color images,
PR(40), No. 12, December 2007, pp. 3621-3632.
WWW Version. 0709Skin region segmentation; Specific skin model; Incremental learning; Generic to specific BibRef

Schmugge, S.J.[Stephen J.], Jayaram, S.[Sriram], Shin, M.C.[Min C.], Tsap, L.V.[Leonid V.],
Objective evaluation of approaches of skin detection using ROC analysis,
CVIU(108), No. 1-2, October-November 2007, pp. 41-51.
WWW Version. 0710 BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1, A3, A4:
Effect of colorspace transformation,the illuminance component,and color modeling on skin detection,
CVPR04(II: 813-818).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0408Skin detection; Colorspace transformation; Empirical evaluation BibRef

Schmugge, S.J.[Stephen J.], Zaffar, M.A.[M. Adeel], Tsap, L.V.[Leonid V.], Shin, M.C.[Min C.],
Task-based evaluation of skin detection for communication and perceptual interfaces,
JVCIR(18), No. 6, December 2007, pp. 487-495.
WWW Version. 0711Skin detection; Hand detection; Empirical evaluation BibRef

Marguier, J., Bhatti, N., Baker, H., Harville, M., Süsstrunk, S.,
Assessing human skin color from uncalibrated images,
IJIST(17), No. 3, 2007, pp. 143-151.
WWW Version. 0711 BibRef

Juang, C.F., Chiu, S.H., Shiu, S.J.,
Fuzzy System Learned Through Fuzzy Clustering and Support Vector Machine for Human Skin Color Segmentation,
SMC-A(37), No. 6, November 2007, pp. 1077-1087.
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0709 BibRef

Shamsi, M.[Mousa], Zoroofi, R.A.[Reza Aghaiezadeh], Lucas, C.[Caro], Hasanabadi, M.S.[Mohammad Sadeghi], Alsharif, M.R.[Mohammad Reza],
Automatic Facial Skin Segmentation Based on EM Algorithm under Varying Illumination,
IEICE(E91-D), No. 5, May 2008, pp. 1543-1551.
WWW Version. 0805 BibRef

Decker, M.[Marvin], Sawaki, M.[Minako],
Lighting Independent Skin Tone Detection Using Neural Networks,
IEICE(E90-D), No. 8, August 2007, pp. 1195-1198.
WWW Version. 0708 BibRef

Wang, J.[Jiahui], Saito, H.[Hideo], Ozawa, S.[Shinji], Kuwahara, T.[Tomohiro], Yamashita, T.[Toyonobu], Takahashi, M.[Motoji],
Extraction of Dermo-epidermal Surface from 3d Volumetric Images of Human Skin,
IJIG(3), No. 4, October 2003, pp. 589-608. 0310 BibRef

Rowe, R.K.[Robert K.],
Biometrics Based on Multispectral Skin Texture,
ICB07(1144-1153).
WWW Version. 0708 BibRef

Sadeghi, M.T.[Mohammad T.], Khoshrou, S.[Samaneh], Kittler, J.V.[Josef V.],
SVM-Based Selection of Colour Space Experts for Face Authentication,
ICB07(907-916).
WWW Version. 0708 BibRef

Kim, Y.D.[Yong-Deok], Choi, S.J.[Seung-Jin],
Color Face Tensor Factorization and Slicing for Illumination-Robust Recognition,
ICB07(19-28).
WWW Version. 0708 BibRef

Ren, J.C.[Jin-Chang], Jiang, J.M.[Jian-Min],
Statistical Classification of Skin Color Pixels from MPEG Videos,
ACIVS07(395-405).
WWW Version. 0708 BibRef

Llano, E.G.[Eduardo Garea], Rodríguez, J.L.G.[Jose Luís Gil], Vega, S.[Sandro],
A Method for Segmentation of Local Illumination Variations and Photometric Normalization in Face Images,
CIARP07(281-290).
WWW Version. 0711 BibRef

Morales, E.M.Á.[Estela María Álvarez], Mata, F.S.[Francisco Silva], Llano, E.G.[Eduardo Garea], Vazquez, H.M.[Heydi Mendez], Herrera, M.[Moisés],
A Fast Method for Localization of Local Illumination Variations and Photometric Normalization in Face Images,
CIARP06(48-57).
WWW Version. 0611 BibRef

Park, Y.K.[Young Kyung], Kim, J.K.[Joong Kyu],
A New Methodology of Illumination Estimation/Normalization Based on Adaptive Smoothing for Robust Face Recognition,
ICIP07(I: 149-152).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0709 BibRef

Park, Y.K.[Young Kyung], Min, B.C.[Bu Cheon], Kim, J.K.[Joong Kyu],
A New Method of Illumination Normalization for Robust Face Recognition,
CIARP06(38-47).
WWW Version. 0611 BibRef

Chenaoua, K., Bouridane, A.,
Skin Detection using a Markov Random Field and a New Color Space,
ICIP06(2673-2676). 0610
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. BibRef

Yoon, S.H.[Sang-Ho], Harville, M., Baker, H., Bhatii, N.,
Automatic Skin Pixel Selection and Skin Color Classification,
ICIP06(941-944). 0610
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. BibRef

Yu, Z.W.[Zhi-Wen], Wong, H.S.[Hau-San],
Fast Gaussian Mixture Clustering for Skin Detection,
ICIP07(IV: 341-344).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0709 BibRef
Earlier: ICIP06(2997-3000). 0610
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. BibRef

Ramos, H., Frery, A.C., Alencar-Neto, J.,
Skin Detection in Web Imagery: Comparison of Techniques and Proposal,
ICIP06(3009-3012). 0610
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. BibRef

Rodrigues, J.M., Puech, W., Bors, A.G.,
Selective Encryption of Human Skin in JPEG Images,
ICIP06(1981-1984). 0610
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. BibRef

Doi, M.[Motonori], Tominaga, S.,
Image Analysis and Synthesis of Skin Color Textures by Wavelet Transform,
Southwest06(193-197).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0603 BibRef

Igarashi, T., Nishino, K., and Nayar, S.K.,
The Appearance of Human Skin,
ColumbiaCUCS-024-05, June 2005. Department of Computer Science, Columbia University.
PDF Version. BibRef 0506

Fkihi, S.E.[Sanaa El], Daoudi, M.[Mohamed], Aboutajdine, D.[Driss],
Probability Approximation Using Best-Tree Distribution for Skin Detection,
ACIVS06(767-775).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Do, H.C.[Hyun-Chul], You, J.Y.[Ju-Yeon], Chien, S.I.[Sung-Il],
Skin Color Detection through Estimation and Conversion of Illuminant Color using Sclera Region of Eye under Varying Illumination,
ICPR06(I: 327-330).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Wimmer, M.[Matthias], Radig, B.[Bernd], Beetz, M.[Michael],
A Person and Context Specific Approach for Skin Color Classification,
ICPR06(II: 39-42).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Han, J.[Junwei], Award, G.M., Sutherland, A.[Alistair], Wu, H.[Hai],
Automatic Skin Segmentation for Gesture Recognition Combining Region and Support Vector Machine Active Learning,
FGR06(237-242).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0604 BibRef

Lu, J.[Juwei], Gu, Q.[Qian], Plataniotis, K.N., Wang, J.[Jie],
A Comparative Study of Skin-Color Models,
ICIAR05(729-736).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Dadgostar, F.[Farhad], Sarrafzadeh, A.[Abdolhossein],
A Fast Real-Time Skin Detector for Video Sequences,
ICIAR05(804-811).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

de Dios, J.J.[Juan José], García, N.[Narciso],
Feature Extraction Used for Face Localization Based on Skin Color,
ICIAR05(1032-1039).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Ruiz-del-Solar, J.[Javier], Verschae, R.[Rodrigo], Kottow, D.[Daniel],
Skin Detection in Videos in the Spatial-Range Domain,
CIAP05(961-969).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Doi, M., Ohtsuki, R., Tominaga, S.,
Spectral Estimation of Skin Color with Foundation Makeup,
SCIA05(95-104).
WWW Version. 0506 BibRef

Smith, W.A.P., Hancock, E.R.,
Estimating the Albedo Map of a Face from a Single Image,
ICIP05(III: 780-783).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0512 BibRef

Rapantzikos, K., Tsapatsoulis, N.,
Enhancing the Robustness of Skin-Based Face Detection Schemes Through a Visual Attention Architecture,
ICIP05(II: 1298-1301).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0512 BibRef

Pamudurthy, S.[Satprem], Guan, E., Mueller, K.[Klaus], Rafailovich, M.[Miriam],
Dynamic Approach for Face Recognition Using Digital Image Skin Correlation,
AVBPA05(1010).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Zhu, Q.A.[Qi-Ang], Cheng, K.T.[Kwang Ting], Wu, C.T.[Ching-Tung],
A unified adaptive approach to accurate skin detection,
ICIP04(II: 1189-1192).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0505 BibRef

Zhu, Q.A.[Qi-Ang], Cheng, K.T.[Kwang-Ting], Wu, C.T.[Ching-Tung], Wu, Y.L.[Yi-Leh],
Adaptive learning of an accurate skin-color model,
AFGR04(37-42).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0411 BibRef

Bevilacqua, A.[Alessandro], Gherardi, A.[Alessandro], Guerrieri, R.[Roberto],
Measuring Skin Topographic Structures through Capacitance Image Analysis,
AVSBS06(53-53).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0611 BibRef

Bevilacqua, A.[Alessandro], Gherardi, A.[Alessandro], Guerrieri, R.[Roberto],
Studying skin ageing throughwavelet-based analysis of capacitive images,
AVSBS05(360-365).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0602 BibRef
And:
In Vivo Quantitative Evaluation of Skin Ageing by Capacitance Image Analysis,
WACV05(I: 342-347).
WWW Version. 0502 BibRef

Bevilacqua, A., Gherardi, A.,
Age-related skin analysis by capacitance images,
ICPR04(II: 703-706).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0409 BibRef

Ruiz del Solar, J.[Javier], Verschae, R.,
Robust skin segmentation using neighborhood information,
ICIP04(I: 207-210).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0505 BibRef
And:
Skin detection using neighborhood information,
AFGR04(463-468).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0411 BibRef

Short, J.[James], Kittler, J.V.[Josef V.], Messer, K.[Kieron],
Photometric Normalisation for Component-based Face Verification,
FGR06(114-119).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0604 BibRef
Earlier:
Photometric Normalisation for Face Verification,
AVBPA05(617).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef
Earlier:
A comparison of photometric normalisation algorithms for face verification,
AFGR04(254-259).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0411 BibRef

Sebe, N.[Nicu], Cohen, I.[Ira], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.], Gevers, T.[Theo],
Semi-Supervised Face Detection,
LCV05(III: 51-51).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0507 BibRef
Earlier:
Skin detection A bayesian network approach,
ICPR04(II: 903-906).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0409 BibRef

Yang, J.F.[Jin-Feng], Fu, Z.Y.[Zhou-Yu], Tan, T.N.[Tie-Niu], Hu, W.M.[Wei-Ming],
Adaptive skin detection using multiple cues,
ICIP04(II: 901-904).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0505 BibRef
And:
Skin color detection using multiple cues,
ICPR04(I: 632-635).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0409 BibRef

Fu, Z.Y.[Zhou-Yu], Yang, J.F.[Jin-Feng], Hu, W.M.[Wei-Ming], Tan, T.N.[Tie-Niu],
Mixture clustering using multidimensional histograms for skin detection,
ICPR04(IV: 549-552).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0409 BibRef

Tomaz, F., Candeias, T., Shahbazkia, H.,
Fast and accurate skin segmentation in color images,
CRV04(180-187).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0408 BibRef

Widjaja, I., Leow, W.K.[Wee Kheng], Wu, F.C.[Fang-Cheng],
Identifying painters from color profiles of skin patches in painting images,
ICIP03(I: 845-848).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0312 BibRef

Shin, M.C., Chang, K.I., Tsap, L.V.,
Does colorspace transformation make any difference on skin detection?,
WACV02(275-279).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0303 BibRef

Huynh-Thu, Q.[Quan], Meguro, M., Kaneko, M.,
Skin-color extraction in images with complex background and varying illumination,
WACV02(280-285).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0303 BibRef

Kruppa, H., Bauer, M.A., Schiele, B.,
Skin Patch Detection in Real-World Images,
DAGM02(109 ff.).
HTML Version. 0303 BibRef

Gomez, G.,
On selecting colour components for skin detection,
ICPR02(II: 961-964).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0211 BibRef

Angelopoulou, E., Molana, R., Daniilidis, K.,
Multispectral Skin Color Modeling,
CVPR01(II:635-642).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. Or:
PDF Version. 0110 BibRef

Kleihorst, R.P.[Richard P.], Lee, M., Abbo, A.A.[Anteneh A.], Cohen-Solal, E.,
Real Time Skin Region Detection with a Single-chip Digital Camera,
ICIP01(III: 306-309).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108 BibRef

Brown, D.A., Craw, I., Lewthwaite, J.,
A SOM Based Approach to Skin Detection with Application in Real Time Systems,
BMVC01(Poster Session 2. and Demonstrations).
HTML Version. University of Aberdeen 0110 BibRef

Martinkauppi, B., Soriano, M., Pietikainen, M.,
Detection of skin color under changing illumination:a comparative study,
CIAP03(652-657).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0310 BibRef

Hadid, A., Pietikainen, M., Martinkauppi, B.,
Color-based face detection using skin locus model and hierarchical filtering,
ICPR02(IV: 196-200).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0211 BibRef

Soriano, M.[Maricor], Martinkauppi, B.[Brigitta], Huovinen, S.[Sami], Laaksonen, M.[Mika],
Skin Detection in Video Under Changing Illumination Conditions,
ICPR00(Vol I: 839-842).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work.
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Fang, Y., Tan, T.,
A Novel Dynamic Region Segmentation Method Based on Quantative Colour Space Selection,
BMVC00(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 0009 BibRef

Brand, J.D.[Jason D.], Mason, J.S.[John S.],
A Comparative Assessment of Three Approaches to Pixel-level Human Skin-detection,
ICPR00(Vol I: 1056-1059).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work.
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Benavente, R.[Robert], Sánchez, G.[Gemma], Baldrich, R.[Ramon], Vanrell, M.[Maria], Lladós, J.[Josep],
Normalized Colour Segmentation for Human Appearance Description,
ICPR00(Vol III: 633-637).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work.
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Störring, M.[Moritz], Andersen, H.J.[Hans J.], Granum, E.[Erik],
Estimation of the Illuminant Colour from Human Skin Colour,
AFGR00(64-69).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0003
HTML Version. BibRef

Zarit, B., Super, B.J., Quek, F.,
Comparison of Five Color Models in Skin Pixel Classification,
RATFG99(xx-yy). BibRef 9900

Gu, L.F.[Li-Fang], Bone, D.,
Skin colour region detection in MPEG video sequences,
CIAP99(898-903).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 9909 BibRef

Kjeldsen, R.[Rick], Kender, J.R.[John R.],
Finding Skin in Color Images,
AFGR96(312-317).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. BibRef 9600

Inokuchi, S.[Seiji], Nakai, H.[Hisashi], Manabe, Y.[Yoshitsugu],
Simulation and Analysis of Spectral Distributions of Human Skin,
ICPR98(Vol II: 1065-1067).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 9808 BibRef

Chapter on Face Recognition, Detection, Tracking, Gesture Recognition, Fingerprints, Biometrics continues in
Tracking Faces, Heads Using Color Models .