23.4.3.1 Binarization -- Threshold selection for documents

Wahl, F.M., Wong, K.Y., and Casey, R.G.,
Block Segmentation and Text Extraction in Mixed Text/Image Documents,
CGIP(20), No. 4, December 1982, pp. 375-390.
WWW Version. Document Analysis. Segmentation, Binarization. BibRef 8212

Casey, R.G., and Naagy, G.,
Recursive Segmentation and Classification of Composite Patterns,
ICPR82(1023-xx). Separate characters for OCR BibRef 8200

Liu, Y., Srihari, S.N.,
Document Image Binarization Based on Texture Features,
PAMI(19), No. 5, May 1997, pp. 540-544.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 9705Candidate thresholds using Otsu ( See also Threshold Selection Method from Grey-Level Histograms, A. ), Textures using runlength histogram texture, Select threshold to preserve desirable document texture features. BibRef

Palumbo, P.W., Swaminathan, P., Srihari, S.N.,
Document Image Binarization: Evaluation of Algorithms,
SPIE(697), 1986, pp. 278-285. BibRef 8600

Liu, Y.,
Document Image Binarization Based on Texture Analysis,
Ph.D.Thesis, SUNY/Buffalo, 1995. BibRef 9500

Taxt, T., Flynn, P.J., and Jain, A.K.,
Segmentation of Document Images,
PAMI(11), No. 12, December 1989, pp. 1322-1329.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 8912
Earlier: SMC-C89(1062-1067). OCR. Segmentation, Binarization. Evaluation, Segmentation. Document Analysis. Relaxation based technique worked best on two cases and the non-contextual technique on the other two. The system essentially classifies pixels as text or background, no recognition, etc. BibRef

Trier, O.D.[Oivind Due], Jain, A.K.[Anil K.],
Goal-Directed Evaluation of Binarization Methods,
PAMI(17), No. 12, December 1995, pp. 1191-1201.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. Segmentation, Binarization. Evaluation, Segmentation. Evaluate the algorithm by how well the next stage performs, rather than some arbitrary measure. The same conclusion reached in See also Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Document Images. BibRef 9512

Trier, O.D., Taxt, T.,
Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Document Images,
PAMI(17), No. 3, March 1995, pp. 312-315.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. Evaluation, Segmentation. Segmentation, Binarization. Evaluation, Thresholding. BibRef 9503
And: Correction: PAMI(17), No. 6, June 1995, pp. 640-640.
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef
And:
Improvement of Integrated Function Algorithm for Binarization of Document Images,
PRL(16), No. 3, March 1995, pp. 277-283. BibRef
Earlier:
Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Utility Map Images,
ICIP94(II: 1046-1050).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. Modified locally adaptive methods were the best 3 when modified by See also New Method for Image Segmentation, A. which was fourth by itself. Global methods did far worse. The method in the book ( See also Introduction to Digital Image Processing, An. ) (when modified) did the best. See also Fast Adaptive Method for Binarization of Document Images, A. (modified) was second. See also Dynamic Thresholding of Grey-Level Images. (modified) was third. BibRef

Oh, I.S.,
Document Image Binarization Preserving Stroke Connectivity,
PRL(16), No. 7, July 1995, pp. 743-748. BibRef 9507

O'Gorman, L.,
Binarization and Multithresholding of Document Images Using Connectivity,
GMIP(56), No. 6, November 1994, pp. 494-506. BibRef 9411
And:
Experimental comparisons of binarization and multi-thresholding methods on document images,
ICPR94(B:395-398).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 9410 BibRef

Kamel, M.S.[Mohamed S.], Zhao, A.[Aiguo],
Extraction of Binary Character/Graphics Images from Grayscale Document Images,
GMIP(55), No. 3, May 1993, pp. 203-??. BibRef 9305
Earlier:
Binary character/graphics image extraction: a new technique and six evaluation aspects,
ICPR92(III:113-116).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 9208 BibRef

Mo, S., Mathews, V.J.,
Adaptive, Quadratic Preprocessing of Document Images for Binarization,
IP(7), No. 7, July 1998, pp. 992-999.
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 9807 BibRef

Jang, J.H.[Jeong-Hun], Hong, K.S.[Ki-Sang],
Binarization of noisy gray-scale character images by thin line modeling,
PR(32), No. 5, May 1999, pp. 743-752.
WWW Version. BibRef 9905

Solihin, Y., Leedham, C.G.,
Integral Ratio: A New Class of Global Thresholding Techniques for Handwriting Images,
PAMI(21), No. 8, August 1999, pp. 761-768.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 9908

Sauvola, J., Pietikäinen, M.,
Adaptive document image binarization,
PR(33), No. 2, February 2000, pp. 225-236.
WWW Version. 0001 BibRef

Yang, Y.B.[Yi-Bing], Yan, H.[Hong],
An adaptive logical method for binarization of degraded document images,
PR(33), No. 5, May 2000, pp. 787-807.
WWW Version. 0003 BibRef

Zhao, M.S.[Man-Suo], Yang, Y.B.[Yi-Bing], Yan, H.[Hong],
An adaptive thresholding method for binarization of blueprint images,
PRL(21), No. 10, October 2000, pp. 927-943. 0008 BibRef

Qin, S.F.[Sheng-Feng], Wright, D.K.[David K.], Jordanov, I.N.[Ivan N.],
On-line segmentation of freehand sketches by knowledge-based nonlinear thresholding operations,
PR(34), No. 10, October 2001, pp. 1885-1893.
WWW Version. 0108 BibRef

Kim, I.K.[In-Kwon], Jung, D.W.[Dong-Wook], Park, R.H.[Rae-Hong],
Document image binarization based on topographic analysis using a water flow model,
PR(35), No. 1, January 2002, pp. 265-277.
WWW Version. 0111 BibRef

Don, H.S.[Hon-Son],
A noise attribute thresholding method for document image binarization,
IJDAR(4), No. 2 2001, pp. 131-138.
HTML Version. 0201 BibRef

Tsai, C.M.[Chun-Ming], Lee, H.J.[Hsi-Jian],
Binarization of color document images via luminance and saturation color features,
IP(11), No. 4, April 2002, pp. 434-451.
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0205 BibRef

Dawoud, A.[Amer], Kamel, M.S.[Mohamed S.],
Natural Skeletonization: New Approach For The Skeletonization Of Handwritten Characters,
IJIG(5), No. 2, April 2005, pp. 267-279. 0504 BibRef

Dawoud, A.[Amer], Kamel, M.S.[Mohamed S.],
Iterative model-based binarization algorithm for cheque images,
IJDAR(5), No. 1, 2002, pp. 28-38.
HTML Version. 0211 BibRef
Earlier:
Binarization of document images using image dependent model,
ICDAR01(49-53).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0109 BibRef

Dawoud, A.[Amer], Kamel, M.S.[Mohamed S.],
Iterative Multimodel Subimage Binarization for Handwritten Character Segmentation,
IP(13), No. 9, September 2004, pp. 1223-1230.
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0409 BibRef
Earlier:
Iterative sub-image binarization for document images,
ICIP03(I: 553-556).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0312 BibRef

Tabbone, S.A.[Salvatore A.], Wendling, L.[Laurent],
Multi-scale binarization of images,
PRL(24), No. 1-3, January 2003, pp. 403-411.
HTML Version. 0211 BibRef
Earlier:
An original multi-scale algorithm to binarize images,
ICPR02(IV: 322-325).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0211 BibRef

Wang, B.[Bin], Li, X.F.[Xiang-Feng], Liu, F.[Feng], Hu, F.Q.[Fu-Qiao],
Color text image binarization based on binary texture analysis,
PRL(26), No. 10, 15 July 2005, pp. 1568-1576.
WWW Version. 0506 BibRef
And: PRL(26), No. 11, August 2005, pp. 1650-1657.
WWW Version. 0506 BibRef

Oh, H.H.[Hyun-Hwa], Lim, K.T.[Kil-Taek], Chien, S.I.[Sung-Il],
An improved binarization algorithm based on a water flow model for document image with inhomogeneous backgrounds,
PR(38), No. 12, December 2005, pp. 2612-2625.
WWW Version. 0510 BibRef

Gatos, B.[Basilios], Pratikakis, I.E.[Ioannis E.], Perantonis, S.J.[Stavros J.],
Adaptive degraded document image binarization,
PR(39), No. 3, March 2006, pp. 317-327.
WWW Version. 0601 BibRef
Earlier:
An Adaptive Binarization Technique for Low Quality Historical Documents,
DAS04(102-113).
WWW Version. 0505 BibRef

Gupta, M.R.[Maya R.], Jacobson, N.P.[Nathaniel P.], Garcia, E.K.[Eric K.],
OCR binarization and image pre-processing for searching historical documents,
PR(40), No. 2, February 2007, pp. 389-397.
WWW Version. 0611OCR; Binarization; Multiresolutional; Halftoning BibRef

Downton, A.C.[Andy C.], He, J.Y.[Jing-Yu], Lucas, S.[Simon],
User-configurable OCR enhancement for online natural history archives,
IJDAR(9), No. 2-4, April 2007, pp. 263-279.
WWW Version. 0704 BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1, Only:
Evaluation of a user-assisted archive construction system for online natural history archives,
ICDAR05(I: 442-446).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0508 BibRef

He, J., Do, Q.D.M., Downton, A.C., Kim, J.H.,
A comparison of binarization methods for historical archive documents,
ICDAR05(I: 538-542).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0508 BibRef

Badekas, E.[Efthimios], Nikolaou, N.[Nikos], Papamarkos, N.[Nikos],
Text binarization in color documents,
IJIST(16), No. 6, 2006, pp. 262-274.
WWW Version. 0706 BibRef

Nikolaou, N.[Nikos], Papamarkos, N.[Nikos],
Color Segmentation of Complex Document Images,
VISAPP06(251-263).
WWW Version. 0711 BibRef

Chen, Q.A.[Qi-Ang], Sun, Q.S.[Quan-Sen], Heng, P.A.[Pheng Ann], Xia, D.S.[De-Shen],
A double-threshold image binarization method based on edge detector,
PR(41), No. 4, April 2008, pp. 1254-1267.
WWW Version. 0801Binarization; Double-threshold; Edge connection; Edge detector; Seed filling See also Parametric active contours for object tracking based on matching degree image of object contour points. BibRef

Dong, L.[Liju], Yu, G.[Ge], Ogunbona, P.[Philip], Li, W.Q.[Wan-Qing],
An efficient iterative algorithm for image thresholding,
PRL(29), No. 9, 1 July 2008, pp. 1311-1316.
WWW Version. 0711Thresholding; Binarisation; Segmentation BibRef

Huang, S.T.[Song-Tao], Ahmadi, M.[Majid], Sid-Ahmed, M.A.,
A hidden Markov model-based character extraction method,
PR(41), No. 9, September 2008, pp. 2890-2900.
WWW Version. 0806Binarization; Thresholding; HMM; OCR; Stroke BibRef

Hu, X.F.[Xiao-Feng], Ye, Q.T.[Qing-Tai],
Adaptive Thresholding for Degraded Call Number Images,
IEICE(E88-D), No. 1, January 2005, pp. 162-163.
WWW Version. 0501 BibRef

Chi, Z.[Zheru], Wang, Q.[Qing],
Document Image Binarization With Feedback For Improving Character Segmentation,
IJIG(5), No. 2, April 2005, pp. 281-309. 0504 BibRef

Kokla, V., Psarrou, A., Konstantinou, V.,
Ink Discrimination Based on Co-occurrence Analysis of Visible and Infrared Images,
ICDAR07(1148-1152).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0709 BibRef

Xi, Y., Chen, Y., Liao, Q., Winghong, L., Shunming, F., Jiangwen, D.,
A Novel Binarization System for Degraded Document Images,
ICDAR07(287-291).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0709 BibRef

Lu, S.J., Tan, C.L.,
Binarization of Badly Illuminated Document Images through Shading Estimation and Compensation,
ICDAR07(312-316).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0709 BibRef

Saidane, Z.[Zohra], Garcia, C.[Christophe],
An Automatic Method for Video Character Segmentation,
ICIAR08(xx-yy).
WWW Version. 0806 BibRef
Earlier:
Robust Binarization for Video Text Recognition,
ICDAR07(874-879).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0709 BibRef

Ramirez, M., Tapia, E., Block, M., Rojas, R.,
Quantile Linear Algorithm for Robust Binarization of Digitalized Letters,
ICDAR07(1158-1162).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0709 BibRef

Chen, Y.K.[Yu-Kumg], Chang, Y.F.[Yi-Fan],
Two Thresholding for Deriving the Bi-Level Document Image,
PSIVT06(228-237).
WWW Version. 0612 BibRef

Cavalcanti, G.D.C., Silva, E.F.A., Zanchettin, C., Bezerra, B.L.D., Doria, R.C., Rabelo, J.C.B.,
A Heuristic Binarization Algorithm for Documents with Complex Background,
ICIP06(389-392). 0610
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. BibRef

Zhu, Y.P.[Yuan-Ping], Wang, C.H.[Chun-Heng], Dai, R.W.[Ru-Wei],
Document Image Binarization Based on Stroke Enhancement,
ICPR06(I: 955-958).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Liu, C.M.[Chun-Mei], Wang, C.H.[Chun-Heng], Dai, R.W.[Ru-Wei],
Low Resolution Character Recognition by Image Quality Evaluation,
ICPR06(I: 864-867).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Antonacopoulos, A., Castilla, C.C.[C. Casado],
Flexible Text Recovery from Degraded Typewritten Historical Documents,
ICPR06(II: 1062-1065).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Kavallieratou, E.[Ergina], Stathis, S.[Stamatatos],
Adaptive Binarization of Historical Document Images,
ICPR06(III: 742-745).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Li, Y.[Yun], Cheriet, M.[Mohamed], Suen, C.Y.,
A threshlod selection method based on multiscale and graylevel co-occurrence matrix analysis,
ICDAR05(II: 575-578).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0508 BibRef

Yokobayashi, M.[Minoru], Wakahara, T.[Toru],
Binarization and Recognition of Degraded Characters Using a Maximum Separability Axis in Color Space and GAT Correlation,
ICPR06(II: 885-888).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Kohmura, H.[Hanako], Wakahara, T.[Toru],
Determining Optimal Filters for Binarization of Degraded Characters in Color Using Genetic Algorithms,
ICPR06(III: 661-664).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Ojima, Y., Kirigaya, S., Wakahara, T.,
Determining optimal filters for binarization of degraded grayscale characters using genetic algorithms,
ICDAR05(II: 555-559).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0508 BibRef

Kavallieratou, E.,
A binarization algorithm specialized on document images and photos,
ICDAR05(I: 463-467).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0508 BibRef

Hamza, H., Smigiel, E., Belaid, E.,
Neural based binarization techniques,
ICDAR05(I: 317-321).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0508 BibRef

Gabarra, E.[Elise], Tabbone, A.[Antoine],
Combining Global and Local Threshold to Binarize Document of Images,
IbPRIA05(II:371).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Sun, Y.F.[Yu-Fei], Chen, Y.[Yan], Zhang, Y.Z.[Yu-Zhi], Li, Y.X.[Yan-Xia],
Automated Seeded Region Growing Method for Document Image Binarization Based on Topographic Features,
ICIAR04(II: 200-208).
WWW Version. 0409 BibRef

Woo, Y.W.[Young W.],
Performance Evaluation of Binarizations of Scanned Insect Footprints,
IWCIA04(669-678).
WWW Version. 0505 BibRef

Seeger, M., Dance, C.,
Binarising camera images for OCR,
ICDAR01(54-58).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0109 BibRef

Fan, L., Tan, C., Fan, L.,
Edge-preserving Prefiltering for Document Image Binarization,
ICIP01(I: 1070-1073).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108 BibRef

Wang, S.Z.[Shen-Zheng], Lee, H.J.[Hsi-Jian],
Dual-binarization and anisotropic diffusion of Chinese characters in calligraphy documents,
ICDAR01(271-275).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 0109 BibRef

Sánchez-Valverde, J.,
Optimum Binarization of Technical Document Images,
ICIP00(Vol III: 985-988).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0008 BibRef

Sankur, B., Abak, A.T., Baris, U.,
Assessment of Thresholding Algorithms for Document Processing,
ICIP99(I:580-584).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9900

Savakis, A.E.,
Adaptive document image thresholding using foreground and background clustering,
ICIP98(III: 785-789).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 9810 BibRef

Greene, D., Yao, F., Zhang, T.[Tong],
A linear algorithm for optimal context clustering with application to bi-level image coding,
ICIP98(I: 508-511).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 9810 BibRef

Eikvil, L., Taxt, T., and Moen, K.,
A Fast Adaptive Method for Binarization of Document Images,
ICDAR91(435-443). Comparison: See also Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Document Images. BibRef 9100

Babaguchi, N., Yamada, K., Kise, K., Tezuka, Y.,
Connectionist model binarization,
ICPR90(II: 51-56).
IEEE DOI may work or IEEE-CS DOI may work. 9208 BibRef

Bernsen, J.,
Dynamic Thresholding of Grey-Level Images,
ICPR86(1251-1255). Comparison: See also Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Document Images. BibRef 8600

Chapter on OCR, Document Analysis and Character Recognition Systems continues in
Chinese and Kanji Characters .