7 2-D Feature Analysis, Extraction and Representations, Shape, Skeletons, Texture

Two-Dimensional feature extraction and computation algorithms are described here. Edge detection, region segmentation and texture are covered in later chapters.

7.1 Computation of General Features

Chapter Contents (Back)
Feature Extraction. Fast Algorithms. Parallel Algorithms. Feature Computation.

Thompson, D.W.,
On Growth and Form,
Dover1917. Book about perception of shapes. BibRef 1700

Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.,
Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex,
Physiol(160), 1962, pp. 106-154. 0907
BibRef

Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.,
Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex,
Physiol(195), 1968, pp. 215243. 0907
BibRef

Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.,
Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex,
RoyalP(B: 198), 1978, pp. 1-59. 0907
BibRef

Levine, M.D.[Martin D.],
Feature Extraction: A Survey,
PIEEE(57), No. 8, August 1969, pp. 1391-1407. BibRef 6908

Nagy, G.,
Feature Extraction on Binary Patterns,
SSC(5), No. 4, October 1969, pp. 273-278. BibRef 6910

Rosenfeld, A.,
Figure Extraction,
AII(136-154). 1969. BibRef 6900

Harris, J.L.,
Information Extraction from Diffraction Limited Imagery,
PR(2), No. 2, May 1970, pp. 69-70.
WWW Version. BibRef 7005

Ledley, R.S.[Robert S.],
Introduction to the special issue on feature extractions,
PR(3), No. 1, April 1971, pp. 1-2.
WWW Version. 0309
BibRef

Ledley, R.S.[Robert S.],
Introduction to the special issue on fine particle science,
PR(4), No. 2, May 1972, pp. 145.
WWW Version. 0309
BibRef

Suto, Y., Hayashi, Y.,
A Study on Picture Feature Extraction and Picture Recognition,
CGIP(6), No. 5, October 1977, pp. 502-510.
WWW Version. BibRef 7710

Hayashi, Y., Suto, Y.,
A Feature Extraction Algorithm Based on Local Picture Computation,
SMC(7), 1977, pp. 743-749. BibRef 7700

Granlund, G.H.,
In Search of a General Picture Processing Operator,
CGIP(8), No. 2, October 1978, pp. 155-173.
WWW Version. BibRef 7810
And:
An Architecture of a Picture Processor Using a Parallel General Operator,
ICPR78(xx-yy). The GOP multiprocessor. Changed to Vol 8, was Vol 2. 1978 is Vol 7 or 8, Vol 2 is 1973. BibRef

Granlund, G.H.,
Description of Texture Using the General Operator Approach,
ICPR80(776-779). BibRef 8000

Braccini, C., Marino, G.,
Fast Geometrical Manipulations of Digital Images,
CGIP(13), No. 2, June 1980, pp. 127-141.
WWW Version. BibRef 8006

Stuth, B.H.[Bernhard H.], Ballard, D.H.[Dana H.], and Brown, C.M.[Christopher M.],
Boundary Condition in Multiple Intrinsic Images,
IJCAI83(1068-1072). Intrinsic image computations, combine the computations for several different ones and the boundary condition problems are reduced. BibRef 8300

Ma, J., Wu, C.K., Lu, X.R.,
A Fast Shape Descriptor,
CVGIP(34), No. 3, June 1986, pp. 282-291.
WWW Version. BibRef 8606

Ross, D.J.[David J.],
Feature extraction technique for use in a pattern recognition system,
US_Patent4,700,400, Oct 13, 1987
WWW Version. Features and shape BibRef 8710

Connelly, S., and Rosenfeld, A.,
A Pyramid Algorithm for Fast Curve Extraction,
CVGIP(49), No. 3, March 1990, pp. 332-345.
WWW Version. Pyramid Structure. Multiple level analysis of points to generate connected curves. Applies to many different original sources of data. BibRef 9003

Rosenfeld, A.,
Pyramid Algorithms For Finding Global Structures In Images,
IS(50), 1990, pp. 23-34. BibRef 9000

Lenz, R.[Reiner],
Group invariant pattern recognition,
PR(23), No. 1-2, 1990, pp. 199-217.
WWW Version. 0401
See also Group Theoretic Methods in Image Processing. BibRef

Zyrianov, B.A.,
Method of feature extraction using potential functions,
PR(23), No. 7, 1990, pp. 753-756.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

Koenderink, J.J., and van Doorn, A.J.,
Generic Neighborhood Operators,
PAMI(14), No. 6, June 1992, pp. 597-605.
IEEE Abstract.
WWW Version. Scale Space. A general set of linear operators. See also Scale and the Differential Structure of Images. See also Structure of Locally Orderless Images, The. See also Local Structure of Movement Parallax of the Plane. BibRef 9206

Koenderink, J.J.[Jan J.], and van Doorn, A.J.,
Metamerism in Complete Sets of Image Operators,
AIU96(113-129). BibRef 9600

Koenderink, J.J., van Doorn, A.J.,
Receptive Field Assembly Pattern Specificity,
JVCIR(3), 1992, pp. 597-605. BibRef 9200

Cinque, L., Guerra, C., and Levialdi, S.,
Computing Shape Description Transforms on a Multiresolution Architecture,
CVGIP(55), No. 3, May 1992, pp. 287-295.
WWW Version. BibRef 9205
Earlier:
Optimal parallel computation of the quadtree medial axis transform on a multi-layered architecture,
ICPR90(II: 462-466).
IEEE DOI Link 9208
Using a pyramid architecture, a medial axis is O(log n), the others are sqrt(n). For Hough: See also Computing the Hough Transform on a Pyramid Architecture. BibRef

Cheng, Y.Q., Liu, K., Yang, J.Y.,
A Novel Feature Extraction Method for Image Recognition Based on Similar Discriminant Function (SDF),
PR(26), No. 1, January 1993, pp. 115-125.
WWW Version. BibRef 9301

Roth, G.[Gerhard], Levine, M.D.[Martin D.],
Extracting Geometric Primitives,
CVGIP(58), No. 1, July 1993, pp. 1-22.
WWW Version. BibRef 9307

Roth, G.[Gerhard], Levine, M.D.[Martin D.],
Geometric Primitive Extraction Using A Genetic Algorithm,
PAMI(16), No. 9, September 1994, pp. 901-905.
IEEE Abstract.
WWW Version. BibRef 9409
Earlier: CVPR92(640-643).
IEEE Abstract. BibRef
And:
Segmentation of Geometric Signals Using Robust Fitting,
ICPR90(I: 826-831).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef

Liu, K.[Ke], Cheng, Y.Q.[Yong-Qing], Yang, J.Y.[Jing-Yu],
Algebraic feature extraction for image recognition based on an optimal discriminant criterion,
PR(26), No. 6, June 1993, pp. 903-911.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

Cinque, L., Lombardi, L.,
Shape-Description and Recognition by a Multiresolution Approach,
IVC(13), No. 8, October 1995, pp. 599-607.
WWW Version. See also Multiresolution Approach for Page Segmentation, A. BibRef 9510

Cinque, L., Lombardi, L., Rosenfeld, A.,
Evaluating Digital Angles by a Parallel Diffusion Process,
PRL(16), No. 10, October 1995, pp. 1097-1104. BibRef 9510
Earlier: Add: Cantoni, V., A1, Add: Levialdi, S., and A2. (Remove A3), CIAP95(133-138).
Springer DOI Link 9509
BibRef

Lombardi, L.[Luca], Petrosino, A.[Alfredo],
Distributed recursive learning for shape recognition through multiscale trees,
IVC(25), No. 2, February 2007, pp. 240-247.
WWW Version. 0701
BibRef
Earlier:
Shape recognition by distributed recursive learning of multiscale trees,
CIAP03(26-30).
IEEE Abstract. 0310
Multiscale tree representation; Syntactic shape recognition; Fuzzy neural networks; Recursive learning BibRef

Levialdi, S., and Cinque, L.,
Shape Description by a Syntactic Pyramidal Approach,
PRAI(10), 1996, pp. 573-585. BibRef 9600

Pitas, I.,
Fast Algorithms for Running Ordering and Max/Min Calculation,
CirSys(36), No. 6, June 1989, pp. 795-804.
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 8906

Douglas, S.,
Running Max/Min Calculation Using a Pruned Ordered List,
TSP(44), No. 11, November 1996, pp. 2872-2877. BibRef 9611

Douglas, S.C.,
A Family of Normalized LMS Algorithms,
SPLetters(1), No. 3, March 1994, pp. 49-51.
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9403

Mao, J.C., Jain, A.K.,
Artificial Neural Networks for Feature-Extraction and Multivariate Data Projection,
TNN(6), No. 2, March 1995, pp. 296-317. BibRef 9503

Xin, K., Lim, K.B., Hong, G.S.,
A Scale-Space Filtering Approach for Visual Feature-Extraction,
PR(28), No. 8, August 1995, pp. 1145-1158.
WWW Version. BibRef 9508

Rao, A., Perens, B.,
Fast Linear Transformation For Tiled Images,
IP(5), No. 1, January 1996, pp. 147-150.
IEEE DOI Link Tiled Images. BibRef 9601

Chuang, E.R.[E-Ren], Sher, D.[David],
X(2) Test for Feature Detection,
PR(26), No. 11, November 1993, pp. 1673-1681.
WWW Version. BibRef 9311

Benteftifa, M.H., Kurk, L.,
Feature Detection via Linear Contrast Techniques,
PR(26), No. 10, October 1993, pp. 1487-1497.
WWW Version. BibRef 9310

Meisels, A., Hason, O., Hess, H.,
Quantification and Abstraction: Low Level Tokens for Object Extraction,
IVC(9), No. 3, June 1991, pp. 151-159.
WWW Version. BibRef 9106

Hu, X.P., and Ahuja, N.,
Feature Extraction and Matching as Signal Detection,
PRAI(8), 1994, pp. 1343-1379. BibRef 9400
Earlier: SPIE(1964), 1993, pp. 51-65. BibRef

Levine, S.H., Kreifeldt, J.G., Chuang, M.C.,
Point Pattern Representation Using Imprecise, Incomplete, Nonmetric Information,
SMC(24), 1994, pp. 222-233. BibRef 9400

Levine, S.H., Kreifeldt, J.G.,
Uniquely Representing Point Patterns with Minimal Information,
SMC(24), 1994, pp. 895-900. BibRef 9400

Kovalevsky, V.A.[Vladimir A.],
Topological Foundations of Shape Analysis,
MDSG94(21). BibRef 9400

Gevorkian, D.Z., Astola, J.T., Atourian, S.M.,
Improving Gil-Werman Algorithm for Running Min and Max Filters,
PAMI(19), No. 5, May 1997, pp. 526-529.
IEEE Abstract.
WWW Version. 9705
See also Computing 2-D Min, Median, and Max Filters. BibRef

Shi, H.C., Ritter, G.X., Wilson, J.N.,
A Fast General Algorithm for Extracting Image Features on SIMD Mesh-Connected Computers,
PR(30), No. 7, July 1997, pp. 1205-1211.
WWW Version. 9707
BibRef

Mirmehdi, M., Palmer, P.L., Kittler, J.V.,
Genetic Optimization of the Image Feature-Extraction Process,
PRL(18), No. 4, April 1997, pp. 355-365. 9708
BibRef

Robbins, B., Owens, R.,
2D Feature Detection Via Local Energy,
IVC(15), No. 5, May 1997, pp. 353-368.
WWW Version. 9706
BibRef

Perona, P.,
Orientation Diffusions,
IP(7), No. 3, March 1998, pp. 457-467.
IEEE DOI Link 9803
BibRef
Earlier: CVPR97(710-716).
IEEE Abstract.
WWW Version. 9704
Edges, lines, corners. Diffusion techniques. BibRef

Baker, S.[Simon], Nayar, S.K.[Shree K.], Murase, H.[Hiroshi],
Parametric Feature Detection,
IJCV(27), No. 1, March 1998, pp. 27-50.
WWW Version. 9805
BibRef
Earlier: DARPA97(1425-1430). BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1, A3: CVPR96(471-477).
IEEE Abstract.
WWW Version. Automatically construct feature detectors for parametric features. Examples on edges and corners -- codes distance to the edge/corner manifold. BibRef

Baker, S.[Simon],
Design and Evaluation of Feature Detectors,
Ph.D.Thesis, September 1998, Department of Computer Science, Columbia University.
PDF Version. BibRef 9809

Brailovsky, V.L.,
An Approach to Form Recognition Based on Nonlinear Projections, Search and Optimization,
PRL(18), No. 11-13, November 1997, pp. 1099-1107. 9806
BibRef

Ke, Q.F., Jiang, T.Z., Ma, S.D.,
A TABU Search Method for Geometric Primitive Extraction,
PRL(18), No. 14, December 1997, pp. 1443-1451. 9806
BibRef

Jiang, T.Z., Ma, S.D.,
Geometric Primitive Extraction Using Tabu Search,
ICPR96(II: 266-269).
IEEE DOI Link 9608
(Chinese Academy of Sciences, PRC) BibRef

Oriat, L., Lantz, E.,
Subpixel Detection of the Center of an Object Using a Spectral Phase Algorithm on the Image,
PR(31), No. 6, June 1998, pp. 761-771.
WWW Version. 9806
BibRef

Nandy, D., Ben-Arie, J.,
Generalized Feature Extraction Using Expansion Matching,
IP(8), No. 1, January 1999, pp. 22-32.
IEEE DOI Link See also Estimation of 3-D Motion Using Eigen-Normalization and Expansion Matching. BibRef 9901

Nandy, D., Wang, Z., Ben-Arie, J., Rao, K.R., Jojic, N.,
A Generalized Feature Extractor Using Expansion Matching and the Karhunen-Loeve Transform,
ARPA96(969-972). Related to edge detection paper: See also Optimal Edge-Detection Using Expansion Matching and Restoration. BibRef 9600

Wang, Z., Rao, R., Nandy, D., Ben-Arie, J., Jojic, N.,
A Generalized Expansion Matching Based Feature Extractor,
ICPR96(II: 29-33).
IEEE DOI Link 9608
(Illinois Institute of Technology, USA) BibRef

Wang, Z., Ben-Arie, J.,
On the Use of the Karhunen-Loeve Transform and Expansion Matching for Generalized Feature Detection,
ICASSP96(XX) EECS Dept. (M/C) 154. Univ. of Illinois at Chicago. BibRef 9600

Watson, G.H.[Graham H.], Gilholm, K.[Kevin],
Signal and image feature extraction from local maxima of generalised correlation,
PR(31), No. 11, November 1998, pp. 1733-1745.
WWW Version. BibRef 9811

Glendinning, R.H.,
Auto-regressive shape classifiers in time varying noise,
PR(26), No. 2, February 1993, pp. 325-331.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

Glendinning, R.H.,
Signal plus noise models in shape classification,
PR(27), No. 6, June 1994, pp. 777-784.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

Glendinning, R.H.,
Robust shape classification,
SP(77), No. 2, 1 September 1999, pp. 121-138. BibRef 9909

de Ves, E., Díaz, M.E., Ayala, G., Domingo, J., Simó, A.,
Robust Descriptors of Binary Shapes with Applications,
IJCV(34), No. 1, September-October 1999, pp. 5-17.
WWW Version. BibRef 9909

Simó, A.[Amelia], de Ves, E.[Esther], Ayala, G.[Guillermo],
Resuming Shapes with Applications,
JMIV(20), No. 3, May 2004, pp. 209-222.
WWW Version. 0409
Generate an average shape based on several shapes. Apply to Fundus images and denoising. BibRef

Shroff, H., Ben-Arie, J.,
Finding Shape Axes Using Magnetic Fields,
IP(8), No. 10, October 1999, pp. 1388-1394.
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9910

Kovesi, P.[Peter],
Image Features from Phase Congruency,
Videre(1), No. 3, Summer 1999, pp. xx-yy. BibRef 9900

Kovesi, P.[Peter],
Phase is an Important Low-Level Image Invariant,
PSIVT07(4).
Springer DOI Link 0712
BibRef

Roberts, S.J.,
Novelty detection using extreme value statistics,
VISP(146), No. 3, 1999, pp. 124. BibRef 9900

Lee, H.J.[Hyoung-Joo], Roberts, S.J.[Stephen J.],
On-line novelty detection using the Kalman filter and extreme value theory,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Samarasooriya, V.N.S., Varshney, P.K.,
Decentralized Signal-Detection with Fuzzy Information,
OptEng(36), No. 3, March 1997, pp. 658-668. 9704
BibRef

Lacroix, V., Acheroy, M.,
Feature-Extraction Using the Constrained Gradient,
PandRS(53), No. 2, April 1998, pp. 85-94. 9805
BibRef

He, C., Moura, J.M.F.,
Focused Detection via Multiresolution Analysis,
TSP(46), No. 4, April 1998, pp. 1094-1104. 9804
BibRef

Diaz, M.E., Domingo, J., Ayala, G.,
A Gray-Level 2D Feature Detector Using Circular Statistics,
PRL(18), No. 11-13, November 1997, pp. 1083-1089. 9806
BibRef

Jin, J.S., Gao, Y.,
Recursive Implementation of LoG Filtering,
RealTimeImg(3), No. 1, February 1997, pp. 59-65. 9703
BibRef

Gao, J., Jin, J.S.,
Fast LoG Filtering Using Recursive Filters,
SCV95(133-138).
IEEE Top Reference. University of New South Wales. Recursive convolution and a fast zero-crossing algorithm. BibRef 9500

Carpenter, G.A.[Gail A.], Grossberg, S.[Stephen], Lesher, G.W.[Gregory W.],
The What-and-Where Filter,
CVIU(69), No. 1, January 1998, pp. 1-22.
WWW Version. BibRef 9801

Carpenter, G.A.[Gail A.], Grossberg, S.[Stephen],
Pattern recognition system,
US_Patent5,142,590, Aug 25, 1992
WWW Version. BibRef 9208

Ferraro, M.[Mario], Boccignone, G.[Giuseppe], Caelli, T.M.[Terry M.],
On the Representation of Image Structures via Scale Space Entropy Conditions,
PAMI(21), No. 11, November 1999, pp. 1199-1203.
IEEE Abstract.
WWW Version. 9912
BibRef
Earlier:
On the Representation of Visual Information,
VF01(176 ff.).
HTML Version. 0209
Features correspond to entropy rich areas of the image. See also Encoding Visual Information Using Anisotropic Transformations. BibRef

Ohm, J.R.[Jens-Rainer],
A set of visual feature descriptors and their combination in a low-level description scheme,
SP:IC(16), No. 1-2, September 2000, pp. 157-179.
WWW Version. 0008
BibRef

Batra, P.,
Modeling and Efficient Optimization for Object-Based Scalability and Some Related Problems,
IP(9), No. 10, October 2000, pp. 1677-1692.
IEEE DOI Link 0010
BibRef

Flusser, J.,
Refined Moment Calculation Using Image Block Representation,
IP(9), No. 11, November 2000, pp. 1977-1978.
IEEE DOI Link 0011
BibRef

Werman, M.[Michael], Keren, D.[Daniel],
A Bayesian Method for Fitting Parametric and Nonparametric Models to Noisy Data,
PAMI(23), No. 5, May 2001, pp. 528-534.
IEEE Abstract.
WWW Version. 0105
Circles. Line Segments. BibRef
Earlier:
A Novel Bayesian Method for Fitting Parametric and Non-Parametric Models to Noisy Data,
CVPR99(II: 552-558).
IEEE Abstract.
WWW Version. Fit a model to data. Consider each point of the model as a possible source for the data point. Examples for fitting segments (as opposed to lines), curves, etc. See also Full Bayesian Approach to Curve and Surface Reconstruction, A. BibRef

Stein, A., Werman, M.,
Robust statistics in shape fitting,
CVPR92(540-546).
IEEE Abstract. 0403
BibRef

Kim, D.H.[Duck Hoon], Yun, I.D.[Il Dong], Lee, S.U.[Sang Uk],
A new shape decomposition scheme for graph-based representation,
PR(38), No. 5, May 2005, pp. 673-689.
WWW Version. 0501
BibRef
Earlier:
Graph-based representation for 2-d shape using decomposition scheme,
ICIP04(V: 3081-3084).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
Constrained morphological decomposition. BibRef

Perez Jimenez, A.J.[Alberto J.], Perez Cortes, J.C.[Juan C.],
Genetic algorithms for linear feature extraction,
PRL(27), No. 13, 1 October 2006, pp. 1508-1514.
WWW Version. 0606
BibRef
Earlier:
Radial projections for non-linear feature extraction,
ICPR02(II: 444-447).
IEEE DOI Link 0211
Statistic pattern recognition; Feature extraction; Genetic algorithms BibRef

Pennec, X.[Xavier],
Intrinsic Statistics on Riemannian Manifolds: Basic Tools for Geometric Measurements,
JMIV(25), No. 1, July 2006, pp. 127-154.
Springer DOI Link 0610
Tools to deal with noise in feature computation. BibRef

Riesenhuber, M.[Maximilian], Poggio, T.[Tomaso],
Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex,
Nature:Neuroscience(2), No. 11, November 1999, 1019-1025.
PDF Version. BibRef 9911

Riesenhuber, M.[Maximilian], Poggio, T.[Tomaso],
Models of Object Recognition,
Nature:Neuroscience(3), No. 11, 2000, 1199-1204.
HTML Version. BibRef 0001

Riesenhuber, M.[Maximilian], Poggio, T.[Tomaso],
Computational Models of Object Recognition in Cortex: A Review,
MIT AI Memo-1695, August 7, 2000.
WWW Version. 0105
BibRef

Serre, T.[Thomas], Wolf, L.[Lior], Bileschi, S.M., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T.[Tomaso],
Robust Object Recognition with Cortex-Like Mechanisms,
PAMI(29), No. 3, March 2007, pp. 411-426.
IEEE DOI Link 0702
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, A5, Only:
Object Recognition with Features Inspired by Visual Cortex,
CVPR05(II: 994-1000).
IEEE DOI Link 0507
Build representation by alternating between template and a maximum pooling operation. Both shape and texture. Learns from a few examples. See also On the Role of Object-Specific Features for Real World Object Recognition in Biological Vision. See also Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex. BibRef

CVonline: Geometric Feature Extraction Methods,
CV-OnlineJuly 2001.
HTML Version. Survey, Feature Extraction. BibRef 0107

Duan, C., Meng, X., Tu, C., Yang, C.,
How to make local image features more efficient and distinctive,
IET-CV(2), No. 3, September 2008, pp. 178-189.
WWW Version. 0905
BibRef

Huckemann, S.[Stephan], Hotz, T.[Thomas], Munk, A.[Axel],
Intrinsic MANOVA for Riemannian Manifolds with an Application to Kendall's Space of Planar Shapes,
PAMI(32), No. 4, April 2010, pp. 593-603.
IEEE DOI Link 1003
multifactorial model for planar shapes. BibRef

Pires, B.R.[Bernardo Rodrigues], Moura, J.M.F.[Jose M.F.],
Shapes as empirical distributions,
ICIP09(401-404).
IEEE DOI Link 0911
BibRef

Matsakis, P.[Pascal], Ni, J.B.[Jing-Bo], Veltman, M.[Melanie],
Directional relationships to a reference object: A quantitative approach based on force fields,
ICIP09(321-324).
IEEE DOI Link 0911
Image value based on degree it satisfies a relationship to an object. BibRef