21.2.5 Face Analysis -- Gender and Age Variations

Burt, D.M., and Perrett, D.I.,
Perception of age in adult caucasian male faces: computer graphic manipulation of shape and colour information,
RoyalP(B-259), 1995, pp. 137-143. BibRef 9500

da Vitoria Lobo, N.[Niels], Kwon, Y.[Young],
Automatic feature detection and age classification of human faces in digital images,
US_Patent5,781,650, July 14, 1998.
WWW Version. BibRef 9807

Kwon, Y.H., da Vitoria Lobo, N.,
Face Detection Using Templates,
ICPR94(A:764-767).
IEEE DOI Reference BibRef 9400

Lanitis, A.[Andreas], Taylor, C.J.[Chris J.], Cootes, T.F.,
Toward Automatic Simulation of Aging Effects on Face Images,
PAMI(24), No. 4, April 2002, pp. 442-455.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0204 BibRef
Earlier:
Modeling the Process of Ageing in Face Images,
ICCV99(131-136).
IEEE DOI Reference BibRef
And: A1, A3, A2:
Simulating Age Effects on Face Images,
AVBPA99(xx-yy). See also Automatic Face Identification System Using Flexible Appearance Models. BibRef

Lanitis, A.[Andreas], Taylor, C.J.[Chris J.],
Towards Automatic Face Identification Robust to Ageing Variation,
AFGR00(391-396).
IEEE DOI Reference 0003 BibRef

Lanitis, A., Draganova, C., Christodoulou, C.,
Comparing Different Classifiers for Automatic Age Estimation,
SMC-B(34), No. 1, February 2004, pp. 621-628.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0403Different classifiers: a classifier based on the use of quadratic functions for modeling the relationship between face model parameters and age, a shortest distance classifier, and artificial neural network based classifiers. BibRef

Moghaddam, B.[Baback], Yang, M.H.[Ming-Hsuan],
Learning Gender with Support Faces,
PAMI(24), No. 5, May 2002, pp. 707-711.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0205Appearance based gender classification. Thumbnail (21X12 pixels) results only 1% worse then next size (84X48). BibRef

Moghaddam, B.[Baback], Yang, M.H.[Ming-Hsuan],
Gender Classification with Support Vector Machines,
AFGR00(306-311).
IEEE DOI Reference 0003 BibRef

Yang, M.H.[Ming-Hsuan], Moghaddam, B.[Baback],
Support Vector Machines for Visual Gender Classification,
ICPR00(Vol I: 1115-1118).
IEEE DOI Reference
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Yang, M.H.,
Gender Classification Using Support Vector Machines,
ICIP00(Vol II: 471-474).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0008 BibRef

Mao, Z.L.[Zhi-Li], Ju, X.Y.[Xiang-Yang], Siebert, J.P.[J. Paul], Cockshott, W.P.[W. Paul], Ayoub, A.F.[Ashraf F.],
Constructing dense correspondences for the analysis of 3D facial morphology,
PRL(27), No. 6, 15 April 2006, pp. 597-608.
WWW Version. 3D facial analysis; Dense correspondences; Elastic deformation; Generic model 0604 BibRef
Earlier: A1, A3, A4, A5, Only:
Constructing dense correspondences to analyze 3D facial change,
ICPR04(III: 144-148).
IEEE DOI Reference 0409 BibRef

Kim, H.C.[Hyun-Chul], Kim, D.J.[Dai-Jin], Ghahramani, Z.[Zoubin], Bang, S.Y.[Sung Yang],
Appearance-based gender classification with Gaussian processes,
PRL(27), No. 6, 15 April 2006, pp. 618-626.
WWW Version. Gender classification; Appearance-based gender classification; Kernel machines; Gaussian process classifiers; Support vector machines 0604 BibRef

Baluja, S.[Shumeet], Rowley, H.A.[Henry A.],
Boosting Sex Identification Performance,
IJCV(71), No. 1, January 2007, pp. 111-119.
Springer DOI Reference 0609AdaBoost to determine gender. 20X20 image, 93% accuracy. BibRef

Scandrett, C.M.[Catherine M.], Solomon, C.J.[Christopher J.], Gibson, S.J.[Stuart J.],
A person-specific, rigorous aging model of the human face,
PRL(27), No. 15, November 2006, pp. 1776-1787.
WWW Version. 0609Age progression; PCA; Pose compensation BibRef

Scandrett, C.M.[Catherine M.], Solomon, C.J.[Christopher J.], Gibson, S.J.[Stuart J.],
Towards a semi-automatic method for the statistically rigorous ageing of the human face,
VISP(153), No. 5, October 2006, pp. 639-649.
WWW Version. 0702 BibRef

Ramanathan, N.[Narayanan], Chellappa, R.[Rama],
Face Verification Across Age Progression,
IP(15), No. 11, November 2006, pp. 3349-3361.
IEEE DOI Reference 0610 BibRef
Earlier: CVPR05(II: 462-469).
IEEE DOI Reference 0507 BibRef
And:
Modeling Age Progression in Young Faces,
CVPR06(I: 387-394).
IEEE DOI Reference 0606 BibRef

Ramanathan, N., Chellappa, R., Chowdhury, A.K.R.,
Facial similarity across age disguise illumination and pose,
ICIP04(III: 1999-2002).
IEEE DOI Reference 0505 BibRef

Geng, X.[Xin], Zhou, Z.H.[Zhi-Hua], Smith-Miles, K.[Kate],
Automatic Age Estimation Based on Facial Aging Patterns,
PAMI(29), No. 12, December 2007, pp. 2234-2240.
IEEE DOI Reference 0711 BibRef
And: Correction PAMI(30), No. 2, February 2008, pp. 368-368.
IEEE DOI Reference 0712Model the aging pattern (sequence of face images sorted by time). Choose age using projection in the subspace that can reconstruct the face image with minimum reconstruction error. BibRef

Shih, J.L.[Jau-Ling], Lee, C.H.[Chang-Hsing], Yang, C.S.[Chang-Shen],
An adult image identification system employing image retrieval technique,
PRL(28), No. 16, December 2007, pp. 2367-2374.
WWW Version. 0711Adult image identification; Scalable color descriptor; Edge histogram descriptor BibRef

Samal, A.[Ashok], Subramani, V.[Vanitha], Marx, D.[David],
Analysis of sexual dimorphism in human face,
JVCIR(18), No. 6, December 2007, pp. 453-463.
WWW Version. 0711Face recognition; Sexual dimorphism; Gender classification; Face classification; Human face BibRef

Schmid, K.[Kendra], Marx, D.[David], Samal, A.[Ashok],
Computation of a face attractiveness index based on neoclassical canons, symmetry, and golden ratios,
PR(41), No. 8, August 2008, pp. 2710-2717.
WWW Version. 0805Face attractiveness; Face recognition; Neoclassical canons; Face symmetry; Golden ratio BibRef

Makinen, E.[Erno], Raisamo, R.[Roope],
Evaluation of Gender Classification Methods with Automatically Detected and Aligned Faces,
PAMI(30), No. 3, March 2008, pp. 541-547.
IEEE DOI Reference 0801Automatic face alignment did not help. Manual alignment did a little. BibRef

Lu, H.C.[Hu-Chuan], Huang, Y.J.[Ying-Jie], Chen, Y.W.[Yen-Wei], Yang, D.L.[De-Li],
Automatic gender recognition based on pixel-pattern-based texture feature,
RealTimeIP(3), No. 1-2, March 2008, pp. xx-yy.
Springer DOI Reference 0804 BibRef

Makinen, E.[Erno], Raisamo, R.[Roope],
An experimental comparison of gender classification methods,
PRL(29), No. 10, 15 July 2008, pp. 1544-1556.
WWW Version. 0711Automatic face analysis; Gender classification; Face detection; Face database; Performance evaluation BibRef

Guo, G.D.[Guo-Dong], Fu, Y.[Yun], Dyer, C.R.[Charles R.], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
Image-Based Human Age Estimation by Manifold Learning and Locally Adjusted Robust Regression,
IP(17), No. 7, July 2008, pp. 1178-1188.
IEEE DOI Reference 0806 BibRef
And:
A Probabilistic Fusion Approach to human age prediction,
SLAM08(1-6).
IEEE DOI Reference 0806 BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, A4, A3:
Locally Adjusted Robust Regression for Human Age Estimation,
WACV08(1-6).
IEEE DOI Reference 0801 BibRef

Song, M.[Mingli], Wang, H.[Huiqiong], Chen, C.[Chun],
Local Laplacian Detail Learning For Face Aging Manipulation,
IJIG(7), No. 3, July 2007, pp. 463-480. 0707 BibRef

Leng, X.M.[Xue-Ming], Wang, Y.D.[Yi-Ding],
Improving generalization for gender classification,
ICIP08(1656-1659).
IEEE DOI Reference 0810 BibRef

Biswas, S.[Soma], Aggarwal, G.[Gaurav], Ramanathan, N.[Narayanan], Chellappa, R.[Rama],
A Non-generative Approach for Face Recognition Across Aging,
BTAS08(1-6).
IEEE DOI Reference 0809 BibRef

Patterson, E., Sethuram, A., Albert, M., Ricanek, K., King, M.,
Aspects of Age Variation in Facial Morphology Affecting Biometrics,
BTAS07(1-6).
IEEE DOI Reference 0709 BibRef

Ricanek, K., Tesafaye, T.,
MORPH: A Longitudinal Image Database of Normal Adult Age-Progression,
FGR06(341-345).
IEEE DOI Reference 0604 BibRef

Thomas, V., Chawla, N.V., Bowyer, K.W., Flynn, P.J.,
Learning to predict gender from iris images,
BTAS07(1-5).
IEEE DOI Reference 0709 BibRef

Yan, S.C.[Shui-Cheng], Zhou, X.[Xi], Liu, M.[Ming], Hasegawa-Johnson, M.[Mark], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
Regression from patch-kernel,
CVPR08(1-8).
IEEE DOI Reference 0806Apply to Age and head pose issues. BibRef

Gallagher, A.C.[Andrew C.], Chen, T.H.[Tsu-Han],
Estimating age, gender, and identity using first name priors,
CVPR08(1-8).
IEEE DOI Reference 0806 BibRef

Andreu, Y.[Yasmina], Mollineda, R.A.[Ramón A.],
On the Complementarity of Face Parts for Gender Recognition,
CIARP08(252-260).
Springer DOI Reference 0809 BibRef
And:
The Role of Face Parts in Gender Recognition,
ICIAR08(xx-yy).
Springer DOI Reference 0806 BibRef

Shan, C.F.[Cai-Feng], Gong, S.G.[Shao-Gang], McOwan, P.W.[Peter W.],
Learning gender from human gaits and faces,
AVSBS07(505-510).
IEEE DOI Reference 0709 BibRef

Singh, R.[Richa], Vatsa, M.[Mayank], Noore, A.[Afzel], Singh, S.K.[Sanjay K.],
Age Transformation for Improving Face Recognition Performance,
PReMI07(576-583).
Springer DOI Reference 0712 See also Mosaicing Scheme for Pose-Invariant Face Recognition, A. BibRef

Wang, H.[Huan], Yan, S.C.[Shui-Cheng], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.], Liu, J.Z.[Jian-Zhuang], Tang, X.[Xiaoou],
Misalignment-robust face recognition,
CVPR08(1-6).
IEEE DOI Reference 0806 BibRef

Yan, S.C.[Shui-Cheng], Wang, H.[Huan], Tang, X.[Xiaoou], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
Learning Auto-Structured Regressor from Uncertain Nonnegative Labels,
ICCV07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Reference 0710Apply to human age and pose. BibRef

Ling, H.B.[Hai-Bin], Soatto, S.[Stefano], Ramanathan, N.[Narayanan], Jacobs, D.W.[David W.],
A Study of Face Recognition as People Age,
ICCV07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Reference 0710 BibRef

Xu, X.[Xun], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
SODA-Boosting and Its Application to Gender Recognition,
AMFG07(193-204).
Springer DOI Reference 0710 BibRef

Castrillón-Santana, M.[Modesto], Vuong, Q.C.[Quoc C.],
An Analysis of Automatic Gender Classification,
CIARP07(271-280).
Springer DOI Reference 0711 BibRef

Suo, J.[Jinli], Min, F.[Feng], Zhu, S.C.[Song-Chun], Shan, S.G.[Shi-Guang], Chen, X.L.[Xi-Lin],
A Multi-Resolution Dynamic Model for Face Aging Simulation,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Reference 0706 BibRef

Verschae, R.[Rodrigo], Ruiz-del-Solar, J.[Javier], Correa, M.[Mauricio],
Gender Classification of Faces Using Adaboost,
CIARP06(68-78).
Springer DOI Reference 0611 BibRef

Wu, J.[Jing], Smith, W.A.P.[William A. P.], Hancock, E.R.[Edwin R.],
Supervised Principal Geodesic Analysis on Facial Surface Normals for Gender Classification,
SSPR08(664-673).
Springer DOI Reference 0812 BibRef
And:
Facial Gender Classification Using Shape from Shading and Weighted Principal Geodesic Analysis,
ICIAR08(xx-yy).
Springer DOI Reference 0806 BibRef
Earlier:
Gender Classification using Shape from Shading,
BMVC07(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 0709 BibRef
And:
Weighted Principal Geodesic Analysis for Facial Gender Classification,
CIARP07(331-339).
Springer DOI Reference 0711 BibRef
And:
Learning Mixture Models for Gender Classification Based on Facial Surface Normals,
IbPRIA07(I: 39-46).
Springer DOI Reference 0706 BibRef
Earlier:
Gender Classification Using Principal Geodesic Analysis and Gaussian Mixture Models,
CIARP06(58-67).
Springer DOI Reference 0611 See also Facial Shape-from-shading and Recognition Using Principal Geodesic Analysis and Robust Statistics. BibRef

Dickens, M.P.[Matthew P.], Smith, W.A.P.[William A. P.], Wu, J.[Jing], Hancock, E.R.[Edwin R.],
Face Recognition Using Principal Geodesic Analysis and Manifold Learning,
IbPRIA07(I: 426-434).
Springer DOI Reference 0706 See also Recovering Facial Shape Using a Statistical Model of Surface Normal Direction. BibRef

Wang, J.Y.[Jun-Yan], Shang, Y.[Yan], Su, G.D.[Guang-Da], Lin, X.G.[Xing-Gang],
Age simulation for face recognition,
ICPR06(III: 913-916).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Tivive, F.H.C.[Fok Hing Chi], Bouzerdoum, A.[Abdesselam],
A Shunting Inhibitory Convolutional Neural Network for Gender Classification,
ICPR06(IV: 421-424).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Lapedriza, A.[Agata], Maryn-Jimenez, M.J.[Manuel J.], Vitria, J.[Jordi],
Gender Recognition in Non Controlled Environments,
ICPR06(III: 834-837).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Yang, Z.G.[Zhi-Guang], Li, M.[Ming], Ai, H.Z.[Hai-Zhou],
An Experimental Study on Automatic Face Gender Classification,
ICPR06(III: 1099-1102).
WWW Version. 0609 BibRef

Wu, B.[Bo], Ai, H.Z.[Hai-Zhou], Huang, C.[Chang],
LUT-Based AdaBoost for Gender Classification,
AVBPA03(104-110).
HTML Version. 0310 BibRef

Ben Abdelkader, C.[Chiraz], Griffin, P.A.[Paul A.],
A Local Region-based Approach to Gender Classification From Face Images,
LCV05(III: 52-52).
IEEE DOI Reference 0507 See also Comparing and combining depth and texture cues for face recognition. BibRef

Okada, Y., Ohzu, M., Sakurai, T., Inaba, M., Akamatsu, S.,
Automatic Impression Transformation of Faces in 3D Shape: A Perceptual Comparison with Processing on 2D Images,
FGR06(535-540).
IEEE DOI Reference 0604Transform faces along gender variations. BibRef

Saatci, Y., Town, C.,
Cascaded Classification of Gender and Facial Expression using Active Appearance Models,
FGR06(393-400).
IEEE DOI Reference 0604 BibRef

Ueki, K.[Kazuya], Miya, M.[Masakazu], Ogawa, T.[Tetsuji], Kobayashi, T.[Tetsunori],
Class Distance Weighted Locality Preserving Projection for Automatic Age Estimation,
BTAS08(1-5).
IEEE DOI Reference 0809 BibRef

Ueki, K., Hayashida, T., Kobayashi, T.,
Subspace-based Age-group Classification Using Facial Images under Various Lighting Conditions,
FGR06(43-48).
IEEE DOI Reference 0604 BibRef

Ueki, K., Komatsu, H., Imaizumi, S., Kaneko, K., Sekine, N., Katto, J., Kobayashi, T.,
A method of gender classification by integrating facial, hairstyle, and clothing images,
ICPR04(IV: 446-449).
IEEE DOI Reference 0409 BibRef

Lu, X.G.[Xiao-Guang], Chen, H.[Hong], Jain, A.K.[Anil K.],
Multimodal Facial Gender and Ethnicity Identification,
ICB06(554-561).
Springer DOI Reference 0601 BibRef

Pavlidis, I.[Ioannis], Symosek, P.[Peter],
The Imaging Issue in an Automatic Face/Disguise Detection System,
CVBVS00(15).
IEEE DOI Reference 0006 BibRef

Nishino, S., Sachiyo, I., Matsuda, A.,
Gender determining method using thermography,
ICIP04(V: 2961-2964).
IEEE DOI Reference 0505 BibRef

Yin, L.J.[Li-Jun], Jia, J.R.[Jing-Rong], Morrissey, J.,
Towards race-related face identification: Research on skin color transfer,
AFGR04(362-368).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0411 BibRef

Hosoi, S., Takikawa, E., Kawade, M.,
Ethnicity estimation with facial images,
AFGR04(195-200).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0411 BibRef

Costen, N.P., Brown, M., Akamatsu, S.,
Sparse models for gender classification,
AFGR04(201-206).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0411 BibRef

Costen, N.P., Brown, M.,
Exploratory Sparse Models for Face Recognition,
BMVC03(xx-yy).
HTML Version. 0409 BibRef

Kawano, T., Kato, K., Yamamoto, K.,
A comparison of the gender differentiation capability between facial parts,
ICPR04(I: 350-353).
IEEE DOI Reference 0409 BibRef

Jain, A.K., Huang, J.,
Integrating independent components and support vector machines for gender classification,
ICPR04(III: 558-561).
IEEE DOI Reference 0409 BibRef
And:
Integrating independent components and linear discriminant analysis for gender classification,
AFGR04(159-163).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0411 BibRef

Liu, Y., Mitra, S.,
A Quantified Study of Facial Asymmetry and Gender Difference,
CMU-RI-TR-03-09, April, 2003.
HTML Version. 0306 BibRef

Sun, Z.H.[Ze-Hang], Bebis, G.N., Yuan, X.J.[Xiao-Jing], Louis, S.J.,
Genetic feature subset selection for gender classification: A comparison study,
WACV02(165-170).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0303 BibRef

Graf, A.B.A.[Arnulf B.A.], Wichmann, F.A.[Felix A.],
Gender Classification of Human Faces,
BMCV02(491 ff.).
HTML Version. 0303 BibRef

Hayashi, J., Yasumoto, M., Ito, H., Koshimizu, H.,
Age and gender estimation based on wrinkle texture and color of facial images,
ICPR02(I: 405-408).
IEEE DOI Reference 0211 BibRef

Gutta, S., Wechsler, H., Phillips, P.J.,
Gender and Ethnic Classification of Face Images,
AFGR98(194-199).
IEEE DOI Reference BibRef 9800

Chapter on Face Recognition, Detection, Tracking, Gesture Recognition, Fingerprints, Biometrics continues in
Face Analysis -- Find and Use Features, Facial Features .