9.10.4 Focusing, Autofocus, Auto Focus

Stroke, G.W., Peuch, C.P.,
Single-Focus Images Restored from Conventionally Recorded Superposed Coded Multi-Focus Photographs,
OptComm(1), No. 5, November/December 1969, pp. 223-226. BibRef 6911

Tucker, J.H.[James H.], Stark, M.[Margaret],
A focus checking technique for image analysis systems,
PR(14), No. 1-6, 1981, pp. 231-237.
Elsevier DOI 0309
BibRef

Krotkov, E.P.,
Focusing,
IJCV(1), No. 3, October, 1987, pp. 223-237.
Springer DOI BibRef 8710
Earlier: UPennCIS-86-22, 1986. Solutions to problems with automatic focussing of general purpose cameras. (Is this so hard given the availability of auto focus cameras?).
See also Active Computer Vision by Cooperative Focusing and Stereo. BibRef

Krotkov, E.P., and Bajcsy, R.,
Active Vision for Reliable Ranging: Cooperating Focus, Stereo, and Vergence,
IJCV(11), No. 2, October 1993, pp. 187-203.
Springer DOI
See also Active Computer Vision by Cooperative Focusing and Stereo. BibRef 9310

Krotkov, E., and Martin, J.P.,
Range From Focus,
CRA86(1093-1098). BibRef 8600

Tejima, Y.[Yasuyuki], Sugawara, S.[Saburo], Yuda, H.[Hideaki],
Auxiliary light projecting apparatus for a focus detecting system,
US_Patent4,870,442, Sep 26, 1989
WWW Link. BibRef 8909

Zhu, Q.M., Hung, Y.Y., Tang, S.H., Shi, D.H.,
Edge Extraction by Active Defocusing,
SV(5), 1991, pp. 253-267. BibRef 9100

Hirao, Y.[Yoshiaki], Kuga, R.[Ryuichiro], Yoneyama, M.[Masayuki],
Video camera with automatic focusing function,
US_Patent5,077,613, Dec 31, 1991
WWW Link. BibRef 9112

Sudaf, H.[Hirofumi], Toyama, M.[Masamichi], Fujiwara, A.[Akihiro], Yamada, K.[Kunihiko],
Automatic focusing device having a settable focus detection area,
US_Patent5,128,768, Jul 7, 1992
WWW Link. BibRef 9207

Inabata, T.[Tatsuo],
Focus detecting optical system including a plurality of focus blocks composed of an integrally molded prism member,
US_Patent5,245,175, Sep 14, 1993
WWW Link. BibRef 9309

Subbarao, M., Choi, T., Nikzad, A.,
Focusing Techniques,
OptEng(32), No. 11, November 1993, pp. 2824-2836. BibRef 9311

Subbarao, M., Wei, T.C., Surya, G.,
Focused Image Recovery from Two Defocused Images Recorded with Different Camera Settings,
IP(4), No. 12, December 1995, pp. 1613-1628.
IEEE DOI 0402
BibRef
Earlier: CVPR94(786-791).
IEEE DOI BibRef

Subbarao, M., and Wei, T.C.,
Depth from Defocus and Rapid Autofocusing: A Practical Approach,
CVPR92(773-776).
IEEE DOI Hardware exhibited at the conference. BibRef 9200

Subbarao, M., Gurumoorthy, N.,
Depth Recovery from Blurred Edges,
CVPR88(498-503).
IEEE DOI BibRef 8800

Subbarao, M.,
Parallel Depth Recovery by Changing Camera Parameters,
ICCV88(149-155).
IEEE DOI BibRef 8800
Earlier:
Direct Recovery of Depth-map I: Differential Methods,
CVWS87(58-65). Depth is recovered from changing the focal length, focal plane distance, and apperature. BibRef

Subbarao, M.[Murali], and Tyan, J.K.[Jenn-Kwei],
Selecting the Optimal Focus Measure for Autofocusing and Depth-from-Focus,
PAMI(20), No. 8, August 1998, pp. 864-870.
IEEE DOI Generate focus error measures. BibRef 9808

Tyan, J.K.[Jenn-Kwei],
Analysis and Application of Autofocusing and Three-Dimensional Shape Recovery Techniques Based on Image Focus and Defocus,
Ph.D.Thesis, EE, SUNY, Stony Brook. 1997. BibRef 9700

Yeo, T.T.E., Ong, S.H., Jayasooriah, Sinniah, R.,
Autofocusing for tissue microscopy,
IVC(11), No. 10, December 1993, pp. 629-639.
Elsevier DOI 0401
BibRef

McIntyre, D.F.[Dale F.],
Autofocus camera,
US_Patent5,530,512, Jun 25, 1996
WWW Link. BibRef 9606

Capper, D.G.[David G.],
Camera with autofocus and aiming mechanism and method,
US_Patent5,694,632, Dec 2, 1997
WWW Link. Pattern of projected light. BibRef 9712

Martinez Baena, J., Fdez Valdivia, J., Garcia, J.A.,
A Multichannel Autofocusing Scheme for Gray Level Shape Scale Detection,
PR(30), No. 10, October 1997, pp. 1769-1786.
Elsevier DOI 9712
BibRef

Lohmann, A.W., Mendlovic, D., Zalevsky, Z.,
Digital Method for Measuring the Focus Error,
AppOpt(36), No. 28, October 1 1997, pp. 7204-7209. 9710
BibRef

Kim, S.K., Park, S.R., Paik, J.K.,
Simultaneous Out-of-Focus Blur Estimation and Restoration for Digital Auto-Focusing System,
Consumer(44), No. 3, August 1998, pp. 1071-1075. 9810
BibRef

Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Hatori, M.[Mitsutoshi],
Generation of Arbitrarily Focused Images by Using Multiple Differently Focused Images,
JEI(7), No. 1, January 1998, pp. 138-144. 9807
BibRef
Earlier:
Iterative Reconstruction of an All-Focused Image by Using Multiple Differently Focused Images,
ICIP96(III: 551-554).
IEEE DOI BibRef

Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Mo, H.[Hiroshi], Kubota, A.[Akira],
Free Iris Scene Re-Focusing Based on a Three-Dimensional Filtering of Multiple Differently Focused Images,
ICIP06(2033-2036).
IEEE DOI 0610
BibRef

Kazakevich, Y.E.[Yuri E.],
Stereoscopic autofocusing based on comparing the left and right eye images,
US_Patent5,864,359, Jan 26, 1999
WWW Link. BibRef 9901

Kubota, A.[Akira], Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu],
Reconstructing Arbitrarily Focused Images From Two Differently Focused Images Using Linear Filters,
IP(14), No. 11, November 2005, pp. 1848-1859.
IEEE DOI 0510
BibRef
Earlier:
Virtual view generation by linear processing of two differently focused images,
ICPR02(I: 504-507).
IEEE DOI 0211
BibRef
Earlier:
Inverse Filters for Reconstruction of Arbitrarily Focused Images from Two Differently Focused Images,
ICIP00(Vol I: 101-104).
IEEE DOI 0008
BibRef

Kubota, A., Aizawa, K.,
Arbitrary view and focus image generation: rendering object-based shifting and focussing effect by linear filtering,
ICIP02(I: 489-492).
IEEE DOI 0210
BibRef

Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Kubota, A.[Akira], Kodama, K.[Kazuya],
Implicit 3D Approach to Image Generation: Object-Based Visual Effects by Linear Processing of Multiple Differently Focused Images,
WTRCV01(226). 0103
BibRef

Kubota, A.[Akira], Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Hatori, M.[Mitsutoshi],
Registration and Blur Estimation Methods for Multiple Differently Focused Images,
ICIP99(II:447-451).
IEEE DOI BibRef 9900

Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Kubota, A.[Akira],
Producing object-based special visual effects by integrating multiple differently focused images: Implicit 3D Approach to Image Content Manipulation,
ICIP99(II:515-519).
IEEE DOI BibRef 9900
Image Content Manipulation by Fusing Multiple Differently Focused Images,
BibRef

Aizawa, K., Kodama, K., Kubota, A.,
Producing Object-Based Special Effects by Fusing Multiple Differently Focused Images,
CirSysVideo(10), No. 2, March 2000, pp. 323.
IEEE Top Reference. 0003
BibRef

Cao, Q.[Qing], Jahns, J.[Jurgen],
Focusing Analysis of the Pinhole Photon Sieve: Individual Far-Field Model,
JOSA-A(19), No. 12, December 2002, pp. 2387-2393.
WWW Link. 0304
BibRef

Lin, S.F.[Sheng-Fuu], Lin, Y.T.[You-Tasi], Su, C.K.[Chien-Kun],
An automatic focusing algorithm,
IJIST(12), No. 6, 2002, pp. 235-238.
WWW Link. 0308
BibRef

Sato, T.[Tatsuya],
Camera having a blur notifying function,
US_Patent6,625,396, Sep 23, 2003
WWW Link. BibRef 0309

Kehtarnavaz, N., Oh, H.J.,
Development and Real-Time Implementation of a Rule-Based Auto-Focus Algorithm,
RealTimeImg(9), No. 3, June 2003, pp. 197-203.
Elsevier DOI 0310

See also Development and Real-Time Implementation of Auto White Balancing Scoring Algorithm. BibRef

Gamadia, M., Kehtarnavaz, N.,
A Real-time Continuous Automatic Focus Algorithm for Digital Cameras,
Southwest06(163-167).
IEEE DOI 0603
BibRef

Suda, H.[Hirofumi],
Automatic focusing device,
US_Patent6,556,246, Apr 29, 2003
WWW Link. BibRef 0304

Lin, J.L.[Jin-Long], Zhang, C.[Chao], Shi, Q.Y.[Qing-Yun],
Estimating the amount of defocus through a wavelet transform approach,
PRL(25), No. 4, March 2004, pp. 407-411.
Elsevier DOI 0402
BibRef

Yap, P.T., Raveendran, P.,
Image focus measure based on Chebyshev moments,
VISP(151), No. 2, April 2004, pp. 128-136.
IEEE Abstract. 0406
BibRef

Park, K.R.[Kang Ryoung], Kim, J.H.[Jai-Hie],
A Real-Time Focusing Algorithm for Iris Recognition Camera,
SMC-C(35), No. 3, August 2005, pp. 441-444.
IEEE DOI 0508
BibRef
Earlier: ICBA04(410-417).
Springer DOI 0505
BibRef

Li, R., Zhang, Y.J.,
Level Selection for Multiscale Fusion of Out-of-Focus Image,
SPLetters(12), No. 9, September 2005, pp. 617-620.
IEEE DOI 0508
BibRef

Zhang, Y.[Ying], Wen, C.Y.[Chang-Yun], Soh, Y.C.[Yeng Chai], Fong, A.M.[Aik Meng],
Adaptive autofocusing: a closed-loop perspective,
JOSA-A(22), No. 4, April 2005, pp. 625-635.
WWW Link. 0601
BibRef

Park, S.Y.[Soon-Yong],
An image-based calibration technique of spatial domain depth-from-defocus,
PRL(27), No. 12, September 2006, pp. 1318-1324.
Elsevier DOI 0606
Depth-from-defocus; Image-based defocus calibration; S-transform BibRef

Park, S.Y.[Soon-Yong], Moon, J.[Jaekyoung],
Image-Based Calibration of Spatial Domain Depth-from-Defocus and Application to Automatic Focus Tracking,
ACCV06(I:754-763).
Springer DOI 0601
BibRef

Kristan, M.[Matej], Pers, J.[Janez], Perse, M.[Matej], Kovacic, S.[Stanislav],
A Bayes-spectral-entropy-based measure of camera focus using a discrete cosine transform,
PRL(27), No. 13, 1 October 2006, pp. 1431-1439.
Elsevier DOI 0606
Camera focusing; Spectral methods; DCT; Bayes entropy BibRef

Maik, V., Cho, D., Shin, J.H., Paik, J.K.,
Regularized Restoration Using Image Fusion for Digital Auto-Focusing,
CirSysVideo(17), No. 10, October 2007, pp. 1360-1369.
IEEE DOI 0711
BibRef

Lee, J.S.[Jung-Soo], Yoo, Y.J.[Yoon-Jong], Shin, J.H.[Jeong-Ho], Paik, J.K.[Joon-Ki],
Hierarchical Blur Identification from Severely Out-of-Focus Images,
PSIVT06(1334-1342).
Springer DOI 0612
BibRef

Shin, J.H.[Jeong-Ho], Hwang, S.H.[Sung-Hyun], Kim, K.[Kiman], Kang, J.Y.[Jin-Young], Lee, S.W.[Seong-Won], Paik, J.K.[Joon-Ki],
Blur Identification and Image Restoration Based on Evolutionary Multiple Object Segmentation for Digital Auto-focusing,
IWCIA04(656-668).
Springer DOI 0505
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, A5, A6, Only:
Isotropic Blur Identification for Fully Digital Auto-focusing,
ICIAR05(125-132).
Springer DOI 0509
BibRef

Kim, S.J.[Sang-Jin], Lee, E., Hayes, M.H., Paik, J.K.[Joon-Ki],
Multifocusing and Depth Estimation Using a Color Shift Model-Based Computational Camera,
IP(21), No. 9, September 2012, pp. 4152-4166.
IEEE DOI 1208
BibRef

Maik, V.[Vivek], Cho, D.[Dohee], Kim, S.J.[Sang-Jin], Har, D.H.[Dong-Hwan], Paik, J.K.[Joon-Ki],
Computational filter-aperture approach for single-view multi-focusing,
ICIP09(1541-1544).
IEEE DOI 0911
BibRef

Tian, Y.B.[Yi-Bin], Shieh, K.[Kevin], Wildsoet, C.F.[Christine F.],
Performance of focus measures in the presence of nondefocus aberrations,
JOSA-A(24), No. 12, December 2007, pp. B165-B173.
WWW Link. 0801
BibRef

Sasaki, G.[Gen],
AF control apparatus and AF control method,
US_Patent7,224,397, May 29, 2007
WWW Link. BibRef 0705

Wang, W.W., Shui, P.L., Feng, X.C.,
Variational Models for Fusion and Denoising of Multifocus Images,
SPLetters(15), No. 1, January 2008, pp. 65-68.
IEEE DOI 0801
BibRef

Zhao, H.[Hui], Li, Q.[Qi], Feng, H.J.[Hua-Jun],
Multi-focus color image fusion in the HSI space using the sum-modified-laplacian and a coarse edge map,
IVC(26), No. 9, 1 September 2008, pp. 1285-1295.
Elsevier DOI 0806
HSI; SML; Multi-focus; Focus measure; Coarse-edge map; Region-filling BibRef

Lee, S.Y., Kumar, Y., Cho, J.M., Lee, S.W., Kim, S.W.,
Enhanced Autofocus Algorithm Using Robust Focus Measure and Fuzzy Reasoning,
CirSysVideo(18), No. 9, September 2008, pp. 1237-1246.
IEEE DOI 0810
BibRef

Thurman, S.T.[Samuel T.], de Rosa, R.T.[Ryan T.], Fienup, J.R.[James R.],
Amplitude metrics for field retrieval with hard-edged and uniformly illuminated apertures,
JOSA-A(26), No. 3, March 2009, pp. 700-709.
WWW Link. 0903
Amplitude and phase from multiple defocused measurements of the system PSF. BibRef

Wu, S.Q.[Shi-Qian], Lin, W.S.[Wei-Si], Xie, S.L.[Shou-Lie], Lu, Z.K.[Zhong-Kang], Ong, E.P.[Ee Ping], Yao, S.[Susu],
Blind blur assessment for vision-based applications,
JVCIR(20), No. 4, May 2009, pp. 231-241.
Elsevier DOI 0905
Blur identification; Point spread function; Line spread function; Blur model; Edge detection; Radon transform; Image interpolation; Blind image quality evaluation BibRef

Li, Y.[Yuan], Ohmura, I.[Isao], Takauji, H.[Hidenori], Kaneko, S.[Shun'ichi], Tanaka, T.[Takayuki],
Robust Focusing using Orientation Code Matching,
ELCVIA(7), No. 3, 2008, pp. xx-yy.
DOI Link 0909
BibRef

Tolosa, A., Martínez-Cuenca, R., Pons, A., Saavedra, G., Martínez-Corral, M., Javidi, B.,
Optical implementation of micro-zoom arrays for parallel focusing in integral imaging,
JOSA-A(27), No. 3, March 2010, pp. 495-500.
WWW Link. 1003
BibRef

Martinez-Corral, M., Navarro, H., Saavedra, G., Javidi, B.,
Microscopic and macroscopic 3D imaging and display by integral imaging,
3DTV11(1).
IEEE DOI 1105
BibRef

Liu, Z.[Zhi], Li, W.W.[Wei-Wei], Shen, L.Q.[Li-Quan], Han, Z.M.[Zhong-Min], Zhang, Z.Y.[Zhao-Yang],
Automatic segmentation of focused objects from images with low depth of field,
PRL(31), No. 7, 1 May 2010, pp. 572-581.
Elsevier DOI 1004
Focused object segmentation; Low depth of field; Focus energy estimation; Saliency map; Boundary linking; Image matting BibRef

Jin, S.H.[Seung-Hun], Cho, J.[Junguk], Kwon, K.H.[Key Ho], Jeon, J.W.[Jae Wook],
A dedicated hardware architecture for real-time auto-focusing using an FPGA,
MVA(21), No. 5, August 2010, pp. 727-734.
WWW Link. 1011
BibRef

Ciancio, A., Targino da Costa, A.L.N., da Silva, E.A.B., Said, A., Samadani, R., Obrador, P.,
No-Reference Blur Assessment of Digital Pictures Based on Multifeature Classifiers,
IP(20), No. 1, January 2011, pp. 64-75.
IEEE DOI 1101
BibRef

Faundez-Zanuy, M.[Marcos], Mekyska, J.[Jiri], Espinosa-Duro, V.[Virginia],
On the focusing of thermal images,
PRL(32), No. 11, 1 August 2011, pp. 1548-1557.
Elsevier DOI 1108
Thermal image; Focus; Database; Image quality BibRef

Xu, D.J.[Dong-Jiang],
A unified approach to autofocus and alignment for pattern localization using hybrid weighted Hausdorff distance,
PRL(32), No. 14, 15 October 2011, pp. 1747-1755.
Elsevier DOI 1110
Image alignment; Autofocus; Pattern localization; Partial occlusion; Edge-amplitude normalized gradient; Hausdorff distance BibRef

Tsai, D.C., Chen, H.H.,
Reciprocal Focus Profile,
IP(21), No. 2, February 2012, pp. 459-468.
IEEE DOI 1201
Steepre profile easier to autofocus. BibRef

Tsai, D.C., Chen, H.H.,
Focus Profile Modeling,
IP(25), No. 2, February 2016, pp. 818-828.
IEEE DOI 1601
Cameras BibRef

Minhas, R., Mohammed, A.A., Wu, Q.M.J.,
An Efficient Algorithm for Focus Measure Computation in Constant Time,
CirSysVideo(22), No. 1, January 2012, pp. 152-156.
IEEE DOI 1201
BibRef

Gupta, M.[Mohit], Tian, Y.D.[Yuan-Dong], Narasimhan, S.G.[Srinivasa G.], Zhang, L.[Li],
A Combined Theory of Defocused Illumination and Global Light Transport,
IJCV(98), No. 2, June 2012, pp. 146-167.
WWW Link. 1204
BibRef
Earlier:
(De) focusing on global light transport for active scene recovery,
CVPR09(2969-2976).
IEEE DOI 0906
BibRef

Rudnaya, M.E., ter Morsche, H.G., Maubach, J.M.L., Mattheij, R.M.M.,
A Derivative-Based Fast Autofocus Method in Electron Microscopy,
JMIV(44), No. 1, September 2012, pp. 38-51.
WWW Link. 1206
BibRef

Mottelet, S.[Stéphane], de Saint Germain, L.[Luc], Mondin, O.[Olivier],
Smart Depth of Field Optimization Applied to a Robotised View Camera,
JMIV(44), No. 1, September 2012, pp. 1-18.
WWW Link. 1206
(Old style) View camera. Optimize aperature setting BibRef

Li, W.M.[Wei-Ming], Li, Y.F.[You-Fu],
Overall Well-Focused Catadioptric Image Acquisition With Multifocal Images: A Model-Based Method,
IP(21), No. 8, August 2012, pp. 3697-3706.
IEEE DOI 1208
BibRef

Li, W.M.[Wei-Ming], Li, Y.F.[You-Fu], Wu, Y.H.[Yi-Hong],
A Model Based Method for Overall Well Focused Catadioptric Image Acquisition with Multi-focal Images,
CAIP09(460-467).
Springer DOI 0909
BibRef

Liu, N.Z.[Ning-Zhong], Zheng, X.M.[Xing-Ming], Sun, H.[Han], Tan, X.Y.[Xiao-Yang],
Two-dimensional bar code out-of-focus deblurring via the Increment Constrained Least Squares filter,
PRL(34), No. 2, 15 January 2013, pp. 124-130.
Elsevier DOI 1212
Two-dimensional bar code; Image deblurring; Increment Constrained Least Squares filter BibRef

Pertuz, S., Puig, D., Garcia, M.A., Fusiello, A.,
Generation of All-in-Focus Images by Noise-Robust Selective Fusion of Limited Depth-of-Field Images,
IP(22), No. 3, March 2013, pp. 1242-1251.
IEEE DOI 1301
BibRef

Pertuz, S.[Said], Garcia, M.A.[Miguel Angel], Puig, D.[Domenec],
Efficient Focus Sampling Through Depth-of-Field Calibration,
IJCV(112), No. 3, May 2015, pp. 342-353.
WWW Link. 1505
BibRef

Lee, J.H.[Jin-Hee], Paik, J.[Joonki],
Uniform depth region-based registration between colour channels and its application to single camera-based multifocusing,
IET-IPR(7), No. 1, 2013, pp. 50-60.
DOI Link 1303
BibRef

Ahn, S.[Sangwoo], Chong, J.[Jongwha],
A Novel Search Approach for Blur Kernel Estimation of Defocused Image Restoration,
IEICE(E96-D), No. 3, March 2013, pp. 754-757.
WWW Link. 1303
BibRef

Zografos, V.[Vasileios], Lenz, R.[Reiner], Felsberg, M.[Michael],
The Weibull manifold in low-level image processing: An application to automatic image focusing,
IVC(31), No. 5, May 2013, pp. 401-417.
Elsevier DOI 1305
Weibull distribution; Image processing; Weibull manifold; Image autofocus BibRef

Cao, Y., Fang, S., Wang, Z.,
Digital Multi-Focusing From a Single Photograph Taken With an Uncalibrated Conventional Camera,
IP(22), No. 9, 2013, pp. 3703-3714.
IEEE DOI 1309
Defocus blur;depth estimation;image restoration;multi-focusing BibRef

Chun, M.G.[Myung Geun], Kong, S.G.[Seong G.],
Focusing in thermal imagery using morphological gradient operator,
PRL(38), No. 1, 2014, pp. 20-25.
Elsevier DOI 1402
Morphological gradient BibRef

Yang, T.[Tao], Zhang, Y.N.[Yan-Ning], Yu, R.[Rui], Zhang, X.Q.[Xiao-Qiang], Chen, T.[Ting], Ran, L.Y.[Ling-Yan], Song, Z.X.[Zheng-Xi], Ma, W.G.[Wen-Guang],
Simultaneous active camera array focus plane estimation and occluded moving object imaging,
IVC(32), No. 8, 2014, pp. 510-521.
Elsevier DOI 1407
Camera array BibRef

Vu, D.T., Chidester, B., Yang, H.S.[Hong-Sheng], Do, M.N., Lu, J.B.[Jiang-Bo],
Efficient Hybrid Tree-Based Stereo Matching With Applications to Postcapture Image Refocusing,
IP(23), No. 8, August 2014, pp. 3428-3442.
IEEE DOI 1408
aggregation BibRef

Marston, T.M., Plotnick, D.S.,
Semiparametric Statistical Stripmap Synthetic Aperture Autofocusing,
GeoRS(53), No. 4, April 2015, pp. 2086-2095.
IEEE DOI 1502
geophysical image processing BibRef

Plotnick, D.S., Marston, T.M.,
Utilization of Aspect Angle Information in Synthetic Aperture Images,
GeoRS(56), No. 9, September 2018, pp. 5424-5432.
IEEE DOI 1809
Scattering, Apertures, Synthetic aperture sonar, Image color analysis, Anisotropic magnetoresistance, synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) BibRef

Lin, Y.B.[Yen-Bor], Young, C.P.[Chung-Ping], Lin, C.H.[Chih-Hung],
Non-iterative and spatial domain focus map estimation based on intentional re-blur from a single image (NasBirSi),
JVCIR(26), No. 1, 2015, pp. 80-93.
Elsevier DOI 1502
Focus map BibRef

Chen, R.[Rudi], van Beek, P.[Peter],
Improving the accuracy and low-light performance of contrast-based autofocus using supervised machine learning,
PRL(56), No. 1, 2015, pp. 30-37.
Elsevier DOI 1503
Autofocusing BibRef

Yitzhaky, Y.[Yitzhak], Aloni, D.[Doron],
Integral imaging for 3D object detection,
SPIE(Newsroom), July 29, 2015
DOI Link 1511
Focused features are located and segmented using computational reconstructions. BibRef

Galstian, T.[Tigran],
Novel approach to autofocus imaging for mobile cameras,
SPIE(Newsroom), September 2, 2015
DOI Link 1511
The anisotropic nature of electrically tunable liquid crystal lenses is fully harnessed in a cost-effective and successful approach. BibRef

Gaidhane, V.H.[Vilas H.], Hote, Y.V.[Yogesh V.], Singh, V.[Vijander],
Image focus measure based on polynomial coefficients and spectral radius,
SIViP(9), No. 1 Supp, December 2015, pp. 203-211.
WWW Link. 1601
BibRef

Zhang, X.X.[Xin-Xin], Wang, R.G.[Rong-Gang], Jiang, X.B.[Xiu-Bao], Wang, W.M.[Wen-Min], Gao, W.[Wen],
Spatially variant defocus blur map estimation and deblurring from a single image,
JVCIR(35), No. 1, 2016, pp. 257-264.
Elsevier DOI 1602
Spatially variant blur BibRef

Yan, R.M.[Ruo-Mei], Shao, L.[Ling],
Blind Image Blur Estimation via Deep Learning,
IP(25), No. 4, April 2016, pp. 1910-1921.
IEEE DOI 1604
BibRef
Earlier:
Image Blur Classification and Parameter Identification Using Two-stage Deep Belief Networks,
BMVC13(xx-yy).
DOI Link 1402
Estimation BibRef

Yi, X., Eramian, M.,
LBP-Based Segmentation of Defocus Blur,
IP(25), No. 4, April 2016, pp. 1626-1638.
IEEE DOI 1604
image restoration BibRef

Saad, E., Hirakawa, K.,
Defocus Blur-Invariant Scale-Space Feature Extractions,
IP(25), No. 7, July 2016, pp. 3141-3156.
IEEE DOI 1606
cameras BibRef

Jeong, Y.[Yuna], Lee, S.[Sangmin], Kwon, S.[Soonhyeon], Lee, S.[Sungkil],
Expressive chromatic accumulation buffering for defocus blur,
VC(32), No. 6-8, June 2016, pp. 1025-1034.
WWW Link. 1608
BibRef

Haque, S.[Samiul], Rahman, S.M.M.[S.M. Mahbubur], Hatzinakos, D.[Dimitrios],
Gaussian-Hermite moment-based depth estimation from single still image for stereo vision,
JVCIR(41), No. 1, 2016, pp. 281-295.
Elsevier DOI 1612
Anaglyph image BibRef

Jemec, J.[Jurij], Pernuš, F.[Franjo], Likar, B.[Boštjan], Bürmen, M.[Miran],
2D Sub-pixel Point Spread Function Measurement Using a Virtual Point-Like Source,
IJCV(121), No. 3, February 2017, pp. 391-402.
Springer DOI 1702
PSF measurement BibRef

Kanojia, G., Raman, S.,
Postcapture Focusing Using Regression Forest,
SPLetters(24), No. 6, June 2017, pp. 751-755.
IEEE DOI 1705
image reconstruction, regression analysis, center selection problem, focus-aperture combinations, image reconstruction, postcapture control, random regression forest, Apertures, Cameras, Image reconstruction, Lenses, Principal component analysis, Training, Vegetation, Photography, random forest, refocusing BibRef

Liu, Y.T.[Yu-Tao], Gu, K.[Ke], Zhai, G.T.[Guang-Tao], Liu, X.M.[Xian-Ming], Zhao, D.B.[De-Bin], Gao, W.[Wen],
Quality assessment for real out-of-focus blurred images,
JVCIR(46), No. 1, 2017, pp. 70-80.
Elsevier DOI 1706
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A3, A4, A5, Only:
Quality assessment for out-of-focus blurred images,
VCIP15(1-4)
IEEE DOI 1605
Visual, quality, assessment. Cameras BibRef

Tung, S.S.[Shih-Shuo], Hwang, W.L.[Wen-Liang],
Multiple depth layers and all-in-focus image generations by blurring and deblurring operations,
PR(69), No. 1, 2017, pp. 184-198.
Elsevier DOI 1706
Image, depth, estimation BibRef

Pertuz, S.[Said], Garcia, M.A.[Miguel Angel], Puig, D.[Domenec], Arguello, H.[Henry],
A Closed-Form Focus Profile Model for Conventional Digital Cameras,
IJCV(124), No. 3, September 2017, pp. 273-286.
Springer DOI 1708
a new model for describing the focus of conventional digital cameras. BibRef

Li, X.F.[Xiong-Fei], Wang, L.L.[Ling-Ling], Wang, J.[Jing], Zhang, X.L.[Xiao-Li],
Multi-focus image fusion algorithm based on multilevel morphological component analysis and support vector machine,
IET-IPR(11), No. 10, October 2017, pp. 919-926.
DOI Link 1710
BibRef

Masoudifar, M.[Mina], Pourreza, H.R.[Hamid Reza],
Analysis and design of coded apertures for defocus deblurring based on imaging system properties and optical features,
IET-IPR(11), No. 12, Decmeber 2017, pp. 1123-1134.
DOI Link 1712
BibRef

Karaali, A.[Ali], Jung, C.R.[Claudio Rosito],
Edge-Based Defocus Blur Estimation With Adaptive Scale Selection,
IP(27), No. 3, March 2018, pp. 1126-1137.
IEEE DOI 1801
BibRef
Earlier:
Adaptive scale selection for multiresolution defocus blur estimation,
ICIP14(4597-4601)
IEEE DOI 1502
cameras, edge detection, gradient methods, image filtering, image restoration, image segmentation, adaptive scale selection, spatial consistency BibRef

Karaali, A.[Ali], Harte, N.[Naomi], Jung, C.R.[Claudio R.],
Deep Multi-Scale Feature Learning for Defocus Blur Estimation,
IP(31), 2022, pp. 1097-1106.
IEEE DOI 2201
Image edge detection, Estimation, Task analysis, Lenses, Convolutional neural networks, deblurring BibRef

Zhang, Z.[Zheng], Liu, Y.[Yu], Xiong, Z., Li, J., Zhang, M.J.[Mao-Jun],
Focus and Blurriness Measure Using Reorganized DCT Coefficients for an Autofocus Application,
CirSysVideo(28), No. 1, January 2018, pp. 15-30.
IEEE DOI 1801
Discrete cosine transforms, Distortion measurement, Frequency measurement, Image edge detection, Noise measurement, sharpness measure BibRef

Zhang, Z.[Zheng], Liu, Y.[Yu], Tan, X.[Xin], Zhang, M.J.[Mao-Jun],
Robust Sharpness Metrics Using Reorganized DCT Coefficients for Auto-Focus Application,
ACCV14(IV: 172-187).
Springer DOI 1504
BibRef

de Paul, A.G.[Anibal G.], Sanchez, R.F.[Roberto F.], Issolio, L.A.[Luis A.],
Determination of the optimum double-pass image through focus operators,
JOSA-A(35), No. 1, January 2018, pp. 20-27.
DOI Link 1801
Image analysis, Ophthalmic optics and devices, Physiological optics, Optics of physiological systems, ophthalmic appliances BibRef

Yang, C.C., Huang, S.K., Shih, K.T., Chen, H.H.,
Analysis of Disparity Error for Stereo Autofocus,
IP(27), No. 4, April 2018, pp. 1575-1585.
IEEE DOI 1802
image restoration, image sensors, lenses, spatiotemporal phenomena, stereo image processing, visual perception, defocus blur, stereo matching BibRef

Zhang, C.[Chi], Hou, G.Q.[Guang-Qi], Zhang, Z.X.[Zhao-Xiang], Sun, Z.A.[Zhen-An], Tan, T.N.[Tie-Niu],
Efficient auto-refocusing for light field camera,
PR(81), 2018, pp. 176-189.
Elsevier DOI 1806
Auto-refocusing, Detection-based focusing, Blurriness measure, Light-field photography BibRef

Molnár, J.[József], Eichhardt, I.[Iván],
A differential geometry approach to camera-independent image correspondence,
CVIU(169), 2018, pp. 90-107.
Elsevier DOI 1804
Camera-independent approach, Generalized epipolar geometry, Epipolar constraints, Differential geometry, Unified theory, Fundamental matrix BibRef

Hajder, L., Eichhardt, I.[Iván],
Computer Vision Meets Geometric Modeling: Multi-view Reconstruction of Surface Points and Normals Using Affine Correspondences,
Multiview17(2427-2435)
IEEE DOI 1802
Cameras, Estimation, Feature extraction, Image reconstruction, Pipelines, Surface reconstruction, BibRef

Baráth, D.[Dániel], Hajder, L.[Levente],
Efficient Recovery of Essential Matrix From Two Affine Correspondences,
IP(27), No. 11, November 2018, pp. 5328-5337.
IEEE DOI 1809
affine transforms, calibration, cameras, estimation theory, matrix algebra, calibrated perspective cameras, minimal method BibRef

Baráth, D.[Dániel], Eichhardt, I.[Ivan], Hajder, L.[Levente],
Optimal Multi-View Surface Normal Estimation Using Affine Correspondences,
IP(28), No. 7, July 2019, pp. 3301-3311.
IEEE DOI 1906
image reconstruction, iterative methods, least squares approximations, maximum likelihood estimation, multi-view BibRef

Baráth, D.[Dániel], Toth, T., Hajder, L.[Levente],
A Minimal Solution for Two-View Focal-Length Estimation Using Two Affine Correspondences,
CVPR17(2557-2565)
IEEE DOI 1711
Calibration, Cameras, Distortion, Estimation, Geometry, Mathematical model, BibRef

Zeng, K., Wang, Y., Mao, J., Liu, J., Peng, W., Chen, N.,
A Local Metric for Defocus Blur Detection Based on CNN Feature Learning,
IP(28), No. 5, May 2019, pp. 2107-2115.
IEEE DOI 1903
convolutional neural nets, feature extraction, hyperbolic equations, image restoration, iterative methods, PCA BibRef

Xiao, H.M.[Hui-Mei], Lu, W.[Wei], Li, R.P.[Rui-Peng], Zhong, N.[Nan], Yeung, Y.L.[Yui-Leong], Chen, J.J.[Jun-Jia], Xue, F.[Fei], Sun, W.[Wei],
Defocus blur detection based on multiscale SVD fusion in gradient domain,
JVCIR(59), 2019, pp. 52-61.
Elsevier DOI 1903
Defocus blur detection, Multiscale singular value decomposition, Sub-bands, Meanshift BibRef

Mu, N.[Nan], Xu, X.[Xin], Zhang, X.L.[Xiao-Long],
Finding autofocus region in low contrast surveillance images using CNN-based saliency algorithm,
PRL(125), 2019, pp. 124-132.
Elsevier DOI 1909
Convolutional neural network (CNN), Autofocus, Salient object detection, Low contrast surveillance image BibRef

Makarov, P.A.,
Two-Dimensional Autofocus Technique Based on Spatial Frequency Domain Fragmentation,
IP(29), 2020, pp. 6006-6016.
IEEE DOI 2005
Azimuth, Estimation, Synthetic aperture radar, Apertures, Signal to noise ratio, Electronics packaging, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) BibRef

Zhao, W.D.[Wen-Da], Zhao, F.[Fan], Wang, D.[Dong], Lu, H.C.[Hu-Chuan],
Defocus Blur Detection via Multi-Stream Bottom-Top-Bottom Network,
PAMI(42), No. 8, August 2020, pp. 1884-1897.
IEEE DOI 2007
BibRef
Earlier:
Defocus Blur Detection via Multi-stream Bottom-Top-Bottom Fully Convolutional Network,
CVPR18(3080-3088)
IEEE DOI 1812
Feature extraction, Image edge detection, Streaming media, Semantics, Clutter, Image restoration, Deep learning, cascaded DBD map residual learning. Semantics, Image reconstruction, Task analysis, Image resolution BibRef

Zhao, W.D.[Wen-Da], Hou, X.Q.[Xue-Qing], He, Y.[You], Lu, H.C.[Hu-Chuan],
Defocus Blur Detection via Boosting Diversity of Deep Ensemble Networks,
IP(30), 2021, pp. 5426-5438.
IEEE DOI 2106
Detectors, Feature extraction, Semantics, Correlation, Task analysis, Neural networks, Head, Defocus blur detection, boosting diversity, encoder-feature ensemble network BibRef

Zhao, W.D.[Wen-Da], Zheng, B.[Bowen], Lin, Q.H.[Qiu-Hua], Lu, H.C.[Hu-Chuan],
Enhancing Diversity of Defocus Blur Detectors via Cross-Ensemble Network,
CVPR19(8897-8905).
IEEE DOI 2002
BibRef

Ho, C.J.[Chi-Jui], Chan, C.C.[Chin-Cheng], Chen, H.H.[Homer H.],
AF-Net: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach to Phase Detection Autofocus,
IP(29), 2020, pp. 6386-6395.
IEEE DOI 2007
Phase detection autofocus, supervised learning, focus profile, phase shift BibRef

Moreno, G.[Gelaysi], Ascaneo, J.S.[Jefferson S.], Ricardo, J.O.[Jorge O.], de la Cruz, L.T.[Leandro T.], Arias, Y.[Yaumel], Strickler, J.R.[J. Rudi], Lopes, R.M.[Rubens M.],
A new focus detection criterion in holograms of planktonic organisms,
PRL(138), 2020, pp. 497-506.
Elsevier DOI 1806
Digital holography, Holographic reconstruction, Focus detection, Image quality, Plankton BibRef

Tang, C., Liu, X., An, S., Wang, P.,
BR^2 Net: Defocus Blur Detection Via a Bidirectional Channel Attention Residual Refining Network,
MultMed(23), 2021, pp. 624-635.
IEEE DOI 2102
clutter, convolutional neural nets, feature extraction, image restoration, learning (artificial intelligence), dense connection BibRef

Choi, H.S.[Hyun-Seok], Ha, H.G.[Ho-Gun], Lee, H.K.[Hyun-Ki], Hong, J.[Jaesung],
Robust control point estimation with an out-of-focus camera calibration pattern,
PRL(143), 2021, pp. 1-7.
Elsevier DOI 2102
Camera calibration, Blurring, Control point, Out of focus BibRef

Yang, J.G.[Jun-Gang], Xiao, C.[Chao], Wang, Y.Q.[Ying-Qian], An, C.J.[Cheng-Jin], An, W.[Wei],
High-precision refocusing method with one interpolation for camera array images,
IET-IPR(14), No. 15, 15 December 2020, pp. 3899-3908.
DOI Link 2103
BibRef

Liu, Y.Q., Du, X., Shen, H.L., Chen, S.J.,
Estimating Generalized Gaussian Blur Kernels for Out-of-Focus Image Deblurring,
CirSysVideo(31), No. 3, March 2021, pp. 829-843.
IEEE DOI 2103
Kernel, Image restoration, Optical diffraction, Image edge detection, Optical imaging, Computational modeling, Gaussian kernel BibRef

Zeng, K.[Kai], Wang, Y.N.[Yao-Nan], Mao, J.X.[Jian-Xu], Zhou, X.[Xianen],
Deep residual deconvolutional networks for defocus blur detection,
IET-IPR(15), No. 3, 2021, pp. 724-734.
DOI Link 2106
BibRef

Li, J., Fan, D., Yang, L., Gu, S., Lu, G., Xu, Y., Zhang, D.,
Layer-Output Guided Complementary Attention Learning for Image Defocus Blur Detection,
IP(30), 2021, pp. 3748-3763.
IEEE DOI 2104
Deep learning, Feature extraction, Semantics, Kernel, Image edge detection, Task analysis, Loss measurement, top-to-bottom BibRef

Zhao, F.[Fan], Lu, H.M.[Hui-Min], Zhao, W.[Wenda], Yao, L.[Libo],
Image-Scale-Symmetric Cooperative Network for Defocus Blur Detection,
CirSysVideo(32), No. 5, May 2022, pp. 2719-2731.
IEEE DOI 2205
Feature extraction, Cooperative systems, Task analysis, Semantics, Fuses, Ions, Image reconstruction, Defocus blur detection, hierarchical feature integration BibRef

Jiang, Z.[Zeyu], Xu, X.[Xun], Zhang, L.[Le], Zhang, C.[Chao], Foo, C.S.[Chuan Sheng], Zhu, C.[Ce],
MA-GANet: A Multi-Attention Generative Adversarial Network for Defocus Blur Detection,
IP(31), 2022, pp. 3494-3508.
IEEE DOI 2205
Feature extraction, Training, Measurement, Generators, Streaming media, Fuses, Clutter, Defocus blur detection, attention module BibRef

Singh, B.[Bharat], Najibi, M.[Mahyar], Sharma, A.[Abhishek], Davis, L.S.[Larry S.],
Scale Normalized Image Pyramids With AutoFocus for Object Detection,
PAMI(44), No. 7, July 2022, pp. 3749-3766.
IEEE DOI 2206
Feature extraction, Training, Object detection, Computational efficiency, Spatial resolution, Semantics, Detectors, deep-learning BibRef

Karaali, A.[Ali], Jung, C.R.[Cláudio Rosito],
SVBR-Net: A Non-Blind Spatially Varying Defocus Blur Removal Network,
ICIP22(566-570)
IEEE DOI 2211
Training, Degradation, Deep learning, Protocols, Convolution, Neural networks, Estimation, Defocus blur, deconvolution, defocus blur restoration BibRef

Song, J.[Jie], Liu, M.[Mengjun],
A new methodology in constructing no-reference focus quality assessment metrics,
PR(142), 2023, pp. 109688.
Elsevier DOI 2307
Autofocus, Microscopy image analysis, No-reference image quality assessment BibRef

Xing, Q.L.[Qun-Liang], Xu, M.[Mai], Deng, X.[Xin], Guo, Y.C.[Yi-Chen],
DAQE: Enhancing the Quality of Compressed Images by Exploiting the Inherent Characteristic of Defocus,
PAMI(45), No. 8, August 2023, pp. 9611-9626.
IEEE DOI 2307
Image coding, Transform coding, Correlation, Estimation, Codecs, Social networking (online), Quantization (signal), quality enhancement BibRef

Zhao, W.[Wenda], Wei, F.[Fei], Wang, H.P.[Hai-Peng], He, Y.[You], Lu, H.C.[Hu-Chuan],
Full-Scene Defocus Blur Detection With DeFBD+ via Multi-Level Distillation Learning,
MultMed(25), 2023, pp. 9228-9240.
IEEE DOI 2312
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, A4, A5, Only:
United Defocus Blur Detection and Deblurring via Adversarial Promoting Learning,
ECCV22(XXX:569-586).
Springer DOI 2211
BibRef

Zhao, W.[Wenda], Shang, C.[Cai], Lu, H.C.[Hu-Chuan],
Self-generated Defocus Blur Detection via Dual Adversarial Discriminators,
CVPR21(6929-6938)
IEEE DOI 2111
Training, Codes, Annotations, Manuals, Generators, Pattern recognition BibRef

Li, H.G.[Hua-Guang], Qian, W.H.[Wen-Hua], Cao, J.[Jinde], Liu, P.[Peng],
Improving defocus blur detection via adaptive supervision prior-tokens,
IVC(140), 2023, pp. 104842.
Elsevier DOI 2312
Defocus blur detection, Prior-tokens supervision, Feature fusion network, Adaptive detection BibRef

Li, X.[Xiaopan], Wu, S.Q.[Shi-Qian], Wu, J.X.[Jia-Xin], Xie, S.L.[Shou-Lie], Agaian, S.[Sos],
Perception-guided defocus blur detection based on SVD feature,
IVC(140), 2023, pp. 104845.
Elsevier DOI 2312
Defocus blur detection, Re-blurred singular value difference, Perceptual weight, Matting Laplace BibRef

Zhao, W.[Wenda], Hu, G.[Guang], Wei, F.[Fei], Wang, H.P.[Hai-Peng], He, Y.[You], Lu, H.C.[Hu-Chuan],
Attacking Defocus Detection With Blur-Aware Transformation for Defocus Deblurring,
MultMed(26), 2024, pp. 5450-5460.
IEEE DOI 2404
Generative adversarial networks, Task analysis, Feature extraction, Convolution, Training, Robustness, Bridges, weakly-supervised defocus deblurring BibRef

Choi, M.[Myungsub], Lee, H.[Hana], Lee, H.E.[Hyong-Euk],
Exploring Positional Characteristics of Dual-Pixel Data for Camera Autofocus,
ICCV23(13112-13122)
IEEE DOI 2401
BibRef

Mazilu, I.[Ioana], Wang, S.[Shunxin], Dummer, S.[Sven], Veldhuis, R.[Raymond], Brune, C.[Christoph], Strisciuglio, N.[Nicola],
Defocus Blur Synthesis and Deblurring via Interpolation and Extrapolation in Latent Space,
CAIP23(II:201-211).
Springer DOI 2312
BibRef

Ye, Q.[Qian], Suganuma, M.[Masanori], Okatani, T.[Takayuki],
Accurate Single-Image Defocus Deblurring Based on Improved Integration with Defocus Map Estimation,
ICIP23(750-754)
IEEE DOI 2312
BibRef

Alzayer, H.[Hadi], Abuolaim, A.[Abdullah], Chan, L.C.[Leung Chun], Yang, Y.[Yang], Lou, Y.C.[Ying Chen], Huang, J.B.[Jia-Bin], Kar, A.[Abhishek],
DC2: Dual-Camera Defocus Control by Learning to Refocus,
CVPR23(21488-21497)
IEEE DOI 2309
BibRef

Mahmood, M.T.[Muhammad Tariq], Ali, U.[Usman],
Measuring Focus Quality in Vector Valued Images for Shape from Focus,
ICPR22(3399-3405)
IEEE DOI 2212
Frequency modulation, Shape, Differential operators, Shape measurement, Gray-scale, Feature extraction BibRef

Wu, M.L.[Meng-Lin], Dayana, V.R.K.[Venkata Ravi Kiran], Hwang, H.[Hau],
Direct Handheld Burst Imaging to Simulated Defocus,
ICIP22(416-420)
IEEE DOI 2211
Photography, Learning systems, Neural networks, Apertures, Cameras, Rendering (computer graphics), Reflection, depth-of-field, convolutional neural network BibRef

Ponimatkin, G.[Georgy], Labbé, Y.[Yann], Russell, B.[Bryan], Aubry, M.[Mathieu], Sivic, J.[Josef],
Focal Length and Object Pose Estimation via Render and Compare,
CVPR22(3815-3824)
IEEE DOI 2210
Training, Solid modeling, Pose estimation, Cameras, Rendering (computer graphics), Pattern recognition, Robot vision BibRef

Abuolaim, A.[Abdullah], Delbracio, M.[Mauricio], Kelly, D.[Damien], Brown, M.S.[Michael S.], Milanfar, P.[Peyman],
Learning to Reduce Defocus Blur by Realistically Modeling Dual-Pixel Data,
ICCV21(2269-2278)
IEEE DOI 2203
Image sensors, Convolutional codes, Training, Computational modeling, Training data, Computer architecture, Low-level and physics-based vision BibRef

Wang, Y.L.[Yu-Lin], Chen, Z.X.[Zhao-Xi], Jiang, H.[Haojun], Song, S.[Shiji], Han, Y.Z.[Yi-Zeng], Huang, G.[Gao],
Adaptive Focus for Efficient Video Recognition,
ICCV21(16229-16238)
IEEE DOI 2203
Location awareness, Codes, Computational modeling, Redundancy, Video sequences, Graphics processing units, Efficient training and inference methods BibRef

Xin, S.M.[Shu-Mian], Wadhwa, N.[Neal], Xue, T.F.[Tian-Fan], Barron, J.T.[Jonathan T.], Srinivasan, P.P.[Pratul P.], Chen, J.[Jiawen], Gkioulekas, I.[Ioannis], Garg, R.[Rahul],
Defocus Map Estimation and Deblurring from a Single Dual-Pixel Image,
ICCV21(2208-2218)
IEEE DOI 2203
Training, Image sensors, Estimation, Cameras, Optics, Sensors, Computational photography, Low-level and physics-based vision, 3D from multiview and other sensors BibRef

Son, H.[Hyeongseok], Lee, J.Y.[Jun-Yong], Cho, S.[Sunghyun], Lee, S.Y.[Seung-Yong],
Single Image Defocus Deblurring Using Kernel-Sharing Parallel Atrous Convolutions,
ICCV21(2622-2630)
IEEE DOI 2203
Deep learning, Shape, Convolution, Aggregates, Kernel, Computational photography, BibRef

Weng, X.Y.[Xiang-Yu], She, M.[Mengkun], Nakath, D.[David], Köser, K.[Kevin],
MaCal - Macro Lens Calibration and the Focus Stack Camera Model,
3DV21(136-144)
IEEE DOI 2201
Photography, Solid modeling, Structure from motion, Computational modeling, Stacking, Cameras BibRef

Vo, T.[Tu],
Attention! Stay Focus!,
NTIRE21(479-486)
IEEE DOI 2109
Deep learning, Computer architecture, Feature extraction, Cameras, Decoding BibRef

Abuolaim, A.[Abdullah], Timofte, R.[Radu], Brown, M.S.[Michael S.], Zhang, D.F.[Da-Feng], Wang, X.B.[Xia-Bing], Zamir, S.W.[Syed Waqas], Arora, A.[Aditya], Khan, S.[Salman], Hayat, M.[Munawar], Khan, F.S.[Fahad Shahbaz], Shao, L.[Ling], Liu, S.[Shuai], Lei, L.[Lei], Feng, C.[Chaoyu], Xiong, Z.W.[Zhi-Wei], Xiao, Z.[Zeyu], Xu, R.K.[Rui-Kang], Zhu, Y.[Yunan], Liu, D.[Dong], Vo, T.[Tu], Miao, S.[Si], Shah, N.A.[Nisarg A.], Liang, P.W.[Peng-Wei], Zhong, Z.W.[Zhi-Wei], Hu, X.Y.[Xing-Yu], Chen, Y.Q.[Yi-Qun], Li, C.H.[Cheng-Hua], Bai, X.Y.[Xiao-Ying], Zhang, C.[Chi], Yao, Y.H.[Yi-Heng], Gang, R.P.[Rui-Peng], Nathan, S.[Sabari], Ragavendran, T.[Thangavelu], Srinija, V.[Venkatakrishnan], Srivatsav, V.[Venkatakrishnan],
NTIRE 2021 Challenge for Defocus Deblurring Using Dual-pixel Images: Methods and Results,
NTIRE21(578-587)
IEEE DOI 2109
PSNR, Atmospheric measurements, Signal processing, Particle measurements, Pattern recognition BibRef

Abuolaim, A.[Abdullah], Brown, M.S.[Michael S.],
Defocus Deblurring Using Dual-pixel Data,
ECCV20(X:111-126).
Springer DOI 2011
BibRef

Zhang, N.[Ning], Yan, J.C.[Jun-Chi],
Rethinking the Defocus Blur Detection Problem and a Real-time Deep Dbd Model,
ECCV20(X:617-632).
Springer DOI 2011
BibRef

Herrmann, C., Strong Bowen, R., Wadhwa, N., Garg, R., He, Q., Barron, J.T., Zabih, R.,
Learning to Autofocus,
CVPR20(2227-2236)
IEEE DOI 2008
Lenses, Cameras, Sensors, Indexes, Task analysis, Prediction algorithms, Machine learning BibRef

Abuolaim, A., Brown, M.S.,
Online Lens Motion Smoothing for Video Autofocus,
WACV20(147-155)
IEEE DOI 2006
Lenses, Smoothing methods, Clocks, Face, Cameras, Trajectory, Image capture BibRef

Najibi, M., Singh, B., Davis, L.,
AutoFocus: Efficient Multi-Scale Inference,
ICCV19(9744-9754)
IEEE DOI 2004
gradient methods, image colour analysis, image matching, image segmentation, learning (artificial intelligence), Inference algorithms BibRef

Takayama, N.[Natsuki], Takahashi, H.[Hiroki],
Automatic Focal Blur Segmentation Based on Difference of Blur Feature Using Theoretical Thresholding and Graphcuts,
ACIVS20(337-347).
Springer DOI 2003
BibRef

Andrade, J., Turaga, P., Spanias, A.,
Spatially-Varying Sharpness Map Estimation Based on the Quotient of Spectral Bands,
ICIP19(4020-4024)
IEEE DOI 1910
Defocus, blur detection, out-of-focus, spatially varying BibRef

Sakurikar, P., Mehta, I., Narayanan, P.J.,
Defocus Magnification Using Conditional Adversarial Networks,
WACV19(1337-1346)
IEEE DOI 1904
cameras, image restoration, neural nets, photography, conditional adversarial network, multiaperture images, Image edge detection BibRef

Abuolaim, A.[Abdullah], Punnappurath, A.[Abhijith], Brown, M.S.[Michael S.],
Revisiting Autofocus for Smartphone Cameras,
ECCV18(XV: 545-559).
Springer DOI 1810
BibRef

Portilla, J., Barbero, S.,
Comparing optical to digital metrics: What is the optimal defocus in a rotationally symmetric system?,
ICIP17(1462-1466)
IEEE DOI 1803
Adaptive optics, Image restoration, Measurement, Optical diffraction, Optical imaging, Optical noise, optical metrics BibRef

Chan, C.C., Huang, S.K., Chen, H.H.,
Enhancement of phase detection for autofocus,
ICIP17(41-45)
IEEE DOI 1803
Correlation, Image sensors, Lenses, Measurement, Phase detection, Search problems, Sensors, Autofocus, phase correlation, phase detection autofocus BibRef

Wei, Z.Q.[Zhao-Qi], Su, X.Q.[Xiu-Qin],
Autofocus window selection algorithm based on visual saliency,
ICIVC17(720-723)
IEEE DOI 1708
Dogs, Image sequences, Visualization, auto-focus, self-adaptability, visual saliency, window, selection, algorithm BibRef

Wu, Y., Sun, C., Zeng, B., Xie, D., Liu, S., Chen, X.,
Geometry-based PSF estimation and deblurring of defocused images with depth information,
VCIP16(1-4)
IEEE DOI 1701
Apertures BibRef

Chen, D.J., Chen, H.T., Chang, L.W.,
Fast defocus map estimation,
ICIP16(3962-3966)
IEEE DOI 1610
Detectors BibRef

Kofoed, B.[Bart], Janssen, E.[Eric], de With, P.H.N.[Peter H.N.],
Dynamic focus control for preventing motion blur,
AVSS15(1-6)
IEEE DOI 1511
Cameras BibRef

Kang, P.C.[Pu-Chuan], Lin, H.Y.[Huei-Yung],
Intelligent autofocus with adaptive depth of field,
MVA15(463-466)
IEEE DOI 1507
Apertures;Digital cameras;Focusing;Image edge detection;Lenses BibRef

Fang, X.Y.[Xian-Yong], Shen, F.[Feng], Guo, Y.W.[Yan-Wen], Jacquemin, C.[Christian], Zhou, J.[Jian], Huang, S.C.[Shan-Chun],
A consistent pixel-wise blur measure for partially blurred images,
ICIP14(496-500)
IEEE DOI 1502
Equations BibRef

Mavridaki, E.[Eftichia], Mezaris, V.[Vasileios],
No-reference blur assessment in natural images using Fourier transform and spatial pyramids,
ICIP14(566-570)
IEEE DOI 1502
Fourier transforms
See also comprehensive aesthetic quality assessment method for natural images using basic rules of photography, A. BibRef

Huang, H.J.[Hui-Juan], Christodoulou, A.G.[Anthony G.], Sun, W.D.[Wei-Dong],
Super-resolution hyperspectral imaging with unknown blurring by low-rank and group-sparse modeling,
ICIP14(2155-2159)
IEEE DOI 1502
Hyperspectral imaging BibRef

Tsai, D.C.[Dong-Chen], Chen, H.H.[Homer H.],
Transformation of focus profiles for digital autofocus,
ICIP15(1070-1074)
IEEE DOI 1512
BibRef
Earlier:
Smooth control of continuous autofocus,
ICIP12(373-376).
IEEE DOI 1302
BibRef
Earlier:
Effective autofocus decision using reciprocal focus profile,
ICIP11(621-624).
IEEE DOI 1201
Autofocus; digital camera; focus measurement; focus profile BibRef

Neverova, N.[Natalia], Konik, H.[Hubert],
Edge-based method for sharp region extraction from low depth of field images,
VCIP12(1-6).
IEEE DOI 1302
BibRef

Bimber, O.[Oliver], Qureshi, H.[Haroon], Grundhöfer, A.[Anselm], Grosse, M.[Max], Danch, D.[Daniel],
Adaptive Coded Aperture Photography,
ISVC11(I: 54-65).
Springer DOI 1109
In JPEG compressed images. BibRef

Fang, S., Jin, R., Cao, Y.,
Fast depth estimation from single image using structured forest,
ICIP16(4022-4026)
IEEE DOI 1610
Decision trees BibRef

Cao, Y.[Yang], Fang, S.[Shuai], Wang, F.[Feng],
Single Image Multi-focusing Based on Local Blur Estimation,
ICIG11(168-175).
IEEE DOI 1109
BibRef

Ladha, S.N.[Shamsuddin N.], Smith-Miles, K.[Kate], Chandran, S.[Sharat],
Projection defocus correction using adaptive kernel sampling and geometric correction in dual-planar environments,
PROCAMS11(9-14).
IEEE DOI 1106
Correction of focus blur in the projector. BibRef

Chen, D.Q.[De-Qing], Shao, H.[Hang], Dai, Q.H.[Qiong-Hai],
Robust focal length estimation based on minimal solution method,
3DTV11(1-4).
IEEE DOI 1105
BibRef

Vaquero, D.A.[Daniel A.], Gelfand, N.[Natasha], Tico, M.[Marius], Pulli, K.[Kari], Turk, M.A.[Matthew A.],
Generalized autofocus,
WACV11(511-518).
IEEE DOI 1101
BibRef

Zhong, S.H.[Sheng-Hua], Liu, Y.[Yan], Liu, Y.[Yang], Chung, F.L.[Fu-Lai],
A semantic no-reference image sharpness metric based on top-down and bottom-up saliency map modeling,
ICIP10(1553-1556).
IEEE DOI 1009
BibRef

Bilcu, R.C.[Radu Ciprian], Alenius, S.[Sakari], Vehvilainen, M.[Markku],
A novel method for multi-focus image fusion,
ICIP09(1525-1528).
IEEE DOI 0911
BibRef

Liu, W.[Wei], Shen, J.[Jin], Tan, B.[Boxue],
Autofocusing Image System of CD-SEM,
CISP09(1-3).
IEEE DOI 0910
BibRef

Huhle, B.[Benjamin], Schairer, T.[Timo], Schilling, A.[Andreas], Straßer, W.[Wolfgang],
Optimal Alignment of 3D Data for Spatial Discretization,
CRV11(355-362).
IEEE DOI 1105
BibRef

Huhle, B.[Benjamin], Schairer, T.[Timo], Jenke, P.[Philipp], Straßer, W.[Wolfgang],
Realistic Depth Blur for Images with Range Data,
Dyn3D09(84-95).
Springer DOI 0909
Inverse of the shape, depth from blur. Change effective camera parameters after acquisition. BibRef

Kusumoto, N.[Natsumi], Hiura, S.[Shinsaku], Sato, K.[Kosuke],
Uncalibrated synthetic aperture for defocus control,
CVPR09(2552-2559).
IEEE DOI 0906
BibRef

Makkapati, V.V.[Vishnu V.],
Improved wavelet-based microscope autofocusing for blood smears by using segmentation,
CASE09(208-211).
WWW Link. 0908
BibRef
And:
Segmentation based microscope autofocusing for blood smears,
SPIE(7260), 2009,
DOI Link BibRef

Oyamada, Y.J.[Yu-Ji], Saito, H.[Hideo],
Defocus Blur Correcting Projector-Camera System,
ACIVS08(xx-yy).
Springer DOI 0810
BibRef
Earlier:
Focal Pre-Correction of Projected Image for Deblurring Screen Image,
PROCAMS07(1-8).
IEEE DOI 0706
BibRef

Joshi, N.[Neel], Szeliski, R.S.[Richard S.], Kriegman, D.J.[David J.],
PSF estimation using sharp edge prediction,
CVPR08(1-8).
IEEE DOI 0806
BibRef

Ahmad, M.B.[Muhammad Bilal],
Focus measure operator using 3D gradient,
ICMV07(18-22).
IEEE DOI 0712
BibRef

Dai, Z.J.[Zhi-Jun], Wu, Y.H.[Yi-Hong],
Where Are Focused Places of a Photo?,
Visual07(73-83).
Springer DOI 0706
BibRef

Gierl, C.[Christian], Kondo, T., Voos, H., Kongprawechon, W., Phoojaruenchanachai, S.,
Image Processing Algorithms for an Auto Focus System for Slit Lamp Microscopy,
ACIVS07(909-919).
Springer DOI 0708
BibRef

Okatani, T.[Takayuki], Deguchi, K.[Koichiro],
Estimating Scale of a Scene from a Single Image Based on Defocus Blur and Scene Geometry,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI 0706
BibRef

Hsu, W.[Wei], Fuh, C.S.[Chiou-Shann],
A New Sampling Method of Auto Focus for Voice Coil Motor in Camera Modules,
PSIVT06(1254-1263).
Springer DOI 0612
BibRef

Song, Y.[Yu], Li, M.T.[Man-Tian], Sun, L.[Lining],
A New Auto-focusing Algorithm for Optical Microscope Based Automated System,
ICARCV06(1-5).
IEEE DOI 0612
BibRef

Yao, Y.[Yi], Abidi, B.R.[Besma R.], Tousek, M.[Michael], Abidi, M.A.[Mongi A.],
Auto-focusing in Extreme Zoom Surveillance: A System Approach with Application to Faces,
ISVC06(I: 401-410).
Springer DOI 0611
BibRef

Yao, Y.[Yi], Abidi, B.R.[Besma R.], Abidi, M.A.[Mongi A.],
Digital Imaging with Extreme Zoom: System Design and Image Restoration,
CVS06(52).
IEEE DOI 0602
Focusing, restoration, etc. E.g. astronomy, aerial monitoring. BibRef

Dubowy, J.N., Herman, G.T.,
An Approach to the Correction of Distance-Dependent Defocus in Electron Microscopic Reconstruction,
ICIP05(III: 748-751).
IEEE DOI 0512
BibRef

Antunes, M.[Mark], Trachtenberg, M.[Michael], Thomas, G.[Gabriel], Shoa, T.[Tina],
All-in-Focus Imaging Using a Series of Images on Different Focal Planes,
ICIAR05(174-181).
Springer DOI 0509
BibRef

Kubota, A.[Akira], Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Hatori, Y.[Yoshinori],
Image-Based Refocusing by 3D Filtering,
PSIVT07(385-398).
Springer DOI 0712
BibRef

Yoshida, T., Yokota, A., Kashiyama, H., Hamamoto, T.,
Smart image sensor for high speed in-focus detection,
ICIP04(IV: 2837-2840).
IEEE DOI 0505
BibRef

Dijk, J.[Judith], van Ginkel, M.[Michael], van Asselt, R.J.[Rutger J.], van Vliet, L.J.[Lucas J.], Verbeek, P.W.[Piet W.],
A New Sharpness Measure Based on Gaussian Lines and Edges,
CAIP03(149-156).
Springer DOI 0311
BibRef

Schlag, J.F.[John F.], Sanderson, A.C.[Arthur C.], Neuman, C.P.[Charles P.], and Wimberly, F.C.[Francis C.],
Implementation of Automatic Focusing Algorithms for a Computer Vision System with Camera Control,
CMU-RI-TR-83-14, CMU Robotics Institute, 1983. Select various focusing algorithms which have been proposed, implement these on a simple vision system (POPEYE), compare the results, and look at modifications (combinations?) which will work better. BibRef 8300

Allegro, S.[Silvia], Chanel, C., Jacot, J.,
Autofocus for Automated Microassembly under a Microscope,
ICIP96(II: 677-680).
IEEE DOI BibRef 9600

Binefa, X., Vitria, J.,
A Contrast-Based Focusing Criterium,
ICPR96(I: 805-809).
IEEE DOI 9608
(Univ. of Barcelona, E) BibRef

Elder, J.[James], Zucker, S.W.[Steven W.],
Shadows, defocus and reliable estimation,
CAIP95(318-325).
Springer DOI 9509
BibRef

Viitanen, J., Rzeszutko, M.,
Using multiple coaxial images for determining the focal gradient in a range camera,
ICIP95(I: 235-238).
IEEE DOI 9510
BibRef

Horii, A.,
The Focusing Mechanism in the KTH Head-Eye System,
ISRN KTH/NA/P--92/15--SE, June 1992.
HTML Version. Longer Postscript:
PS File. BibRef 9206

Chapter on 3-D Shape from X -- Shading, Textures, Lasers, Structured Light, Focus, Line Drawings continues in
Shape and Motion from Blur, Motion Blur .